Billy Budd Essay: Themes of Good and Evil -- Billy Budd Essays

Themes of Good and Evil  in Billy Budd    Many themes relating to the conflict between Good and Evil can be found in Herman Melville's novella Billy Budd.   Perhaps one of the most widely recognized themes in Billy Budd is the corruption of innocence by society (Gilmore 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Society in Billy Budd is represented by an eighteenth century English man-of-war, the H.M.S. Bellipotent.   Billy, who represents innocence, is a young seaman of twenty-one who is endowed with physical strength, beauty, and good nature (Voss 44). A crew member aboard the merchant ship Rights of Man, Billy is impressed by the English navy and is taken aboard the H.M.S. Bellipotent.   As he boards the H.M.S. Bellipotent, he calmly utters, "Goodbye, Rights of Man," a farewell to his ship and crewmates.   However, this farewell is not only meant for his ship, but for his actual rights as well, the rights that would have kept him innocent until proven guilty under a normal society (Gilmore 18).   The society represented by the H.M.S. Bellipotent is much different from that of the outside world, as the various laws and regulations in effect during war turn a civilized society into more of a primitive state.   The rights that are fo ught for during war were no longer possessed by the men on board the Bellipotent in an attempt to keep order as best as possible (Gilmore 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Billy was impressed by the English navy because of a need for good sailors.   The Rights of Man cannot survive in the war-torn waters of the ocean without the protection of the Bellipotent, and the Bellipotent cannot protect the Rights of Man if it does not impress sailors (Tucker 248).   On the H.M.S. Bellipotent, Billy faces destruction from a force which he does not ... ...ic Encyclopedia.   1994 ed. Bloom, Harold.   The Chelsea House Library of Literary Criticism. Philadelphia:   Chelsea House Publishers,   1989. Bloom, Harold.   Modern Critical Views of Herman Melville.   Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers,   1986. Foster, Edward, ed.   Six American Novelists of the Nineteenth Century. Minneapolis:   University of Minneapolis Press,   1968. Gilmore, Michael T., ed.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of Billy Budd. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:   Prentice Hall Inc.,   1971. Tucker, Martin, ed.   Moulton's Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors.   4 vols.   New York:   Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.,   1966. Van Doren, Carl.   The American Novel.   New York:   The Macmillian Company,   1968. Voss, Authur.   The American Short Story.   Norman, Oklahoma:   University of Oklahoma Press,   1973.      

Ratio Analysis on Spinning Industry Ltd

Profile of Apex Textile Complex Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited Apex Lingerie Limited Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited Apex Yarn Dyeing Limited    Contact persons:    Zahur Ahmed PhD, Managing Director; [email  protected] com Shahriar Ahmed, Director Operations; [email  protected] com    Marketing & Merchandizing For knitwear: Ershad Ullah Khan, GM; [email  protected] com MD. Mushahed Alam, Manager; [email  protected] com Belal Hossain, Manager; [email  protected] com , For Lingerie and Underwear: Shahnaz Begum Zharna (Ms), AGM; [email  protected] om Nasima Begum (Ms), AGM; [email  protected] com Apex Holdings Limited Head office: Rupayan Golden Age (5th & 6th Floor) 99 Gulshan Avenue, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh Telephone: 880-2-9883358 Fax: +880-2-8810850 or 9861685 WWW. apexknitting. com; apexlingerie. com; apextextileprinting. com Factory: Mouza: Chandora, P. O. : Shafipur, District: Gazipur Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Introduction: Apex Textile Complex consists of four 100% export oriented textile and Garment manufacturing enterprises under the management of Apex Holdings Limited (AHL).Over the years the companies under AHL have built an enviable reputation of being a reliable vendor of consistent high quality, on time delivery and compliance with international labor laws & environmental standards. Companies under AHL have been supplying textiles to several large retail chains in the European Union and north America for the last 20 years and enjoy prominent status with them. Our reputation is based on the simple philosophy that â€Å"consistent high quality, on-time delivery and competitive price are the essence of long term relationship in export business†. The Textile complex is made up of 1.Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited; year of establishment 1991 Vertical operation, Fabric to garments; 2 . 2 – 2 . 3 million pcs/month knit-garments 2. Apex Lingerie Limited; year of establishment 1999 Vertical operation, Fabric to garments; 1. 8 – 2. 0 million pcs/month bra 3. Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited; year of establishment 2006 Vertical operation, Fabric to garments; 1. 0 – 1. 2 million pcs/month knit-garments and 3. 4 to 3. 6 million pcs/month of underwear (men’s & ladies) 4. Apex Yarn Dyeing Limited; year of establishment 2003 Cotton, polyester & nylon yarn dyeing as well as sewing and embroidery threadsThe AHL textile complex is located in a 17 acre fully owned compound, 35 km from Dhaka international airport on Dhaka-Tangail highway. The different units are housed in separate built spaces consisting of about 100,000 square meters. The complex is equipped with prime power (15 MW), steam (45 T/hr), Thermo boiler (75 million BTU), Hot water (from waste heat), Compressed air (2500 cuM/hour), Process water treatment (8. 0 million liter/day), and effluent treatment (8. 0 million liters/day). Along with the production facilities, the complex has a c linic attended by doctors and nurses, childcare facilities.Both these are for workers at free of cost. In addition, there is a large dining area and a subsidized canteen for the workers. 1. Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited (ASKML) is a fully vertical setup to manufacture high quality Knit-garments for Children, Ladies and Men’s, using inhouse fabrics. ASKML is equipped to produce a wide range of solid dyed fabrics and all-over printed fabrics (reactive, disperse, acid and pigments) using a variety of designs provided by the buyer and/or from ASKML’s own design department.The fabric can be circular knit or warp knit, 100% cotton, polyester, nylon or various blends, with or without elastane, yarn dyed or solid dyed, all from in-house source. The 42 sewing lines are equipped to produce garments starting from the basic Page 2 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   children’s items to ladies / menâ€℠¢s hooded sport jackets based on designs and specifications and accessories as required by the buyer. The total production capacity of the ASKML is 2. 2 to 2. million pieces per month, as shown below, with sufficient flexibility to allow 25-40% additional capacity of any one of the items. Infants Pcs / month Children’s Pcs / month 1,500,000 – 1,600,000 Ladies Pcs / month 200,000 – 250,000 400,000 – 450,000 2. Apex Lingerie Limited Apex Lingerie Limited (ALL) has been setup as a fully vertical operation for the sole purpose of manufacturing high quality brassiere. ALL specializes in brassieres using mostly in house fabrics, narrow fabrics ( elastics) etc.Apex Lingerie Limited produces a wide range of styles and designs using a variety of fabrics, lace and accessories based on customer’s requirement. The plant is fully equipped to produce high quality molded and non-molded bra, with or without pad, with or without under-wire and bra with traditional seams. The total production capacity of the ALL for the different types of bra is 1. 8 to 2. 0 million pieces of bra per month. The production facility is sufficiently flexible to allow 15-20% additional capacity of any of the items.Sports Bra Pcs/month Girls Bra Pcs/month 500,000- 550,000 Ladies Bra; standard Pcs/month 600,000- 650,000 Ladies Bra; fashion Pcs/month 300,000- 350,000 400,000- 450,000 3. Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited (ATPML) is a fully vertical setup to manufacture high quality Knit-garments and both ladies & men’s underwear using in-house fabrics. High quality knit-garments for infant and children are manufactured in one floor. In the separate two floors men’s and ladies underwear and others intimate apparels are made.Both the sewing floors use in-house fabrics and components manufactured within the Apex textile complex. The plant is equipped with facilities to produce garments starting from the infant sleep sac k / body suits to ladies / men’s hooded sport jackets, based on designs, fabrics and accessories as required by the buyer. The garments can be from basic to complicated cut & sew, with placement prints, embroidery or both. Page 3 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   The production capacity of the knitwear section of ATPML is about 1. 0 to 1. million pieces per month of knit garments and that of the underwear floors are about 3. 4 to 3. 6 million pieces per month. The two tables below shows the capacities of the 3 floors in ATPML. The capacities of different types of knit-garment, with sufficient flexibility to allow 25-40% additional capacity of any one of the items. Infants Pcs / month Children’s Pcs / month 400,000 – 450,000 Ladies apparel Pcs / month 300,000 – 350,000 300,000 – 400,000 The table below shows the sewing capacities of underwear in ATPML. Children’s underwear Pcs / month 600,000 – 700,000Ladies und erwear Pcs / month 1,200,000 – 1,250,000 Man’s underwear Pcs / month 1,600,000 – 1,650,000 Facilities within Apex Textile complex: Apex textile complex is the combination of these 3 vertical operations, from fabrics to garment factories along with Apex Yarn Dyeing Mills limited. Most of the fabrics and other materials for the garments are produced within the Textile complex. Items like lace, under-wires, ring-slide and some special components are imported. Hangers, poly-bags, printed individual boxes, woven labels etc are locally available. 1. Garment-making:Each of the three garments factories; ASKML (knitwear), ALL (Bra) & ATPML (underwear & knitwear) have separate and complete set-ups for garment manufacturing, starting from design- sample-pattern to garment finishing. 1. a. Sample, Pattern and design department: The department in each of the garment manufacturing units is equipped with CAD (Lectra and/or Garber) systems and between 60 to 80 sewing machines t o produce samples according to buyer’s specifications and /or Apex’s own designs (see page XX). All samples are fitted on appropriate fitting-forms and on live models before sending to the buyers.From digitized patterns, all production markers are produced with optimum efficiency. Page 4 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Sections of sample, pattern & design department 1. b. Cutting department: The cutting department for each of the sewing floors is equipped with fabric inspection, 8 to 12 cutting tables, straight knife, band knife and stripe fabric pilling or lace pilling setups. The capacities of each cutting departments are carefully matched with the respective sewing capacities, between 60,000 to 100,000 pieces each day. All cut pieces are checked and are prepared into bundles of 20 to 40 pieces.The bundle baskets are sent to the sewing section. Before cutting 100% of the fabrics are inspected and laid for sufficient time on cutting tables for re laxation. Sections of the cutting floor Page 5 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   1. c. Sewing department: All the sewing floors are equipped with modern apparel machineries and attachments. The mechanical department is fully equipped with specialized attachment making within facilities. The lines are laid out in a manner to allow 100% inspection of the garments during production. Sewing floor 1. d.Finishing department: Completed garments in size lots are cleaned of loose threads, dust etc in vacuum suction device, as required. Subsequently, the garments are transferred into an enclosed humidity controlled (air conditioned) room, where, for the Bra and underwear, the garments are inspected and for the knitwear’s, the garments are finished with steam iron on vacuum tables. After putting all packaging accessories each piece is checked with needle detector before packing for shipment. For all orders, internal AQL is determined before buyer’s inspect ion. Page 6 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  HoldingsSections of the finishing floor Another section of the finishing floor 1. e. Molding & Laminating: Apex Lingerie Limited mainly uses the molding & laminating facility. This section is equipped with foam molding, elastic fabric molding, rigid fabric molding, die-cutting (for both foam & fabric) and fabric-fabric, foam-fabric, fiber fill-fabric Laminating machinery. Foam molding Capacity: 52,000 pairs/day and fabric molding capacity: 70,000 pairs/day. Foam & fabric molding section 1. f. Hook & eye tape making: Apex Lingerie Limited mainly uses the hook & eye tape making facility.This section is equipped with fully computerized machinery to Page 7 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   produce both hook tape and eye tapes of up to 4 rows. The Hook & eye capacity is about 80,000 pieces/day. Hook & eye making setup 2. Fabrics: A large variety of wide fabrics (circular knit & warp knit), using a wide range of fibers, 100% cotton, polyester, nylon, various blends, micro-fibers with or without spandex and yarn dyed or solid dyed fabrics are produced exclusively for the garments units within the textile complex. 2. a. Wide Fabrics:Circular knit fabrics: There are a total of 145 circular knitting machines, most of the machines are equipped with Spandex attachments and have extra-gauge cylinders. Circular knit fabrics can be solid dyed or yarn dyed, with or without Spandex; Total Capacity 3 5,000 Kg / day Single Jersey / Pique: Capacity/day:16,500 Kg Interlock / drop needle: Capacity/day: 6,000 Kg Rib / drop needle rib: Capacity/day: 6,000 Kg Engineering stripe (up to 6 colors): Capacity/ day: 1,500 Kg 3 thread fleece: Capacity/day: 5,000 Kg Sections of circular knitting departmentPage 8 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Warp knit fabrics: Solid dyed or yarn dyed, with or without Spandex Tricot: Double tricot, Charmeuse, mesh, honeycomb, velour, diamond tulle etc (from rigid to 30 % elastane); Capacity: 150,000 meters / month Raschel: powernet, satinette, slee knit, one way stretch fabric etc (from 5% to 35 % elastane); Capacity: 70,000 meters / month Simplex; Various types of Simplex fabrics (up to 35% elastane) Capacity : 24,000 meters to 30,000 meters / month Elastane warping, rigid yarn warping and warp knitting sectionsFlat knit fabrics: Solid dyed or yarn dyed Collars / cuffs (SHIMA SEIKI); Capacity: 6,000 sets / day Fabrics for styling Flat knitting section 2. b. Dyeing & finishing facilities for wide fabrics: Dyeing machines are suitable for cotton, spandex cotton, polyamide, polyester, viscose, and various blends; Capacity 55,000 Kg / day Page 9 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   14 sample dyeing machines which can produce 40 different sample fabrics in every day. This department is equipped with both open width & tubular finishing machinery. Fabric finishing section is equipped with stenter / open-wid th dryer, tubular-dryer / Tumble dryer / open-width compactor / tubular compactor etc suitable for enzyme finish, silicone finish or any specialized finish (e. g. , Teflon coating, antimicrobial coating etc); Capacity; 50,000 Kg / day. In addition to all the options for the chemical finishing, the department has sued- / peach-finishing machines for mechanical finishes. Capacity: 5,000 Kg/day. For Fleece fabrics, the finishing section is equipped with raising machines, brushing machine and searing machine. Capacity: 10,000 Kg/day.Part of the dyeing department showing a section of the sample dyeing Sections of the dye-finishing Page 10 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings 2. c. Printed Fabrics: The printing section can produce about 50,000 meters/day of printed fabrics, with either reactive, disperse, acid or pigment dyes. The All Over Printing (AOP) section is equipped with:    †¢ One 12 colors Rotary screen printing setup for knit fabrics with a capacity of about 25,000 meters/day. AND One 12 colors Flat-Bed printing setup for knit fabrics with a capacity of about 22,000 meters/day.Loop steamer / polymerizer / after print washing Digital engraving Computerized design preparation Fully equipped sample & strike off preparation Color kitchen Screen preparation, sample printing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Screen preparation, sample printing and 12 color rotary screen printing Page 11 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings 12 color Flat -bed printing Machine    2. d. Narrow fabrics: The narrow fabrics section is equipped with all the necessary machinery to produce a wide range of elastic and non-elastic fabrics. Rubber covering (double covering): Capacity: 1200 Kg /day Spandex covering (single covering): Capacity: 540 Kg / day Needle looms (without jacquard): Capacity: 3 50,000 meters / day Needle looms (Jacquard): Capacity: 50,000 meters/day Crochet: Capacity: 60,000 meters / day Narrow fa brics dyeing: Capacity: 350,000 meters / day Label printing: Capacity: 200,000 labels / day Narrow fabric weaving, knitting & dyeing Page 12 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   3. Yarn dyeing Dyed yarn; cotton, polyester & nylon: Capacity: 13,000 to 15,000 Kg/day Sewing and embroidery threads; Spun polyester, filament polyester / nylon / viscose: Capacity: 45,000 cones / day . Embroidery: Yarn dyeing, winding & spooling Capacity 15,000 pieces/ day Solid Embroidery: 9 color machines Applique Embroidery on print Sequence / cording / boring Embroidery section 5. Placement printing: Capacity: 60,000 to 100,000 pieces / day in up to 6 colors Pigment / Discharge print Puff / Rubber print Page 13 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   Glitter / Flock print Stone attachment Foil printing / metallic shine High density printing Photo print Sections of Placement printing department 6. Pad printing & label printing:In keeping with the need of the market, Apex has setup the facilities to print labels on label tapes as well as printing labels (particularly care labels on bra and underwear) on the body of the garments, using both pad printing machines or using transfer print labels. 7. Washing plant: Capacity 25,000 pcs garment / day The washing plant is equipped to wash knit garments with various additives, enzymes during wash and also during the drying cycle. Page 14 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Section of the garment washing plant 8. Packaging & Store:All garments are fully inspected & packaged before inspection by buyer or buyer’s agent. A large area is allocated for the proper storage of the boxes before shipment. Packaging area and storage 9. Quality control & Textile testing In addition to the modern machinery & equipments, Apex has constantly worked with a wide range of technical experts from Japan, Philippines, Hong Kong and Sri Lanka to improve the working and quality control pro cedure. Sewing technicians work constantly with the operators and supervisor to upgrade the quality standards and optimize efficiency. QA department personnel conducts inspection of fabric, cutting, molding, bundle preparation and 100% garment quality inspection and recording at all stages of production. Fabric weight (density), yarn count & composition Spectral color matching Color Fastness to wash, Rub, light etc Shrinkage and other dimensional stability Extension and Modulus etc Page 15 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Section of laboratory, Spectral equipment and OEKO-TEX certificate In addition, regular testing of yarn, fabrics etc are conducted at our wellequipped lab, accredited by H&M. 0. Product Development and Fashion Design Department: For the last several years, Apex’s product development team has been working with various buyers to develop new fabrics, prints, narrow fabrics, embellishments’ etc to create new fashion garments for the export market. Based on this experience, in 2010 Apex setup a new independent department for this purpose, staffed by Textile engineers, fashion designers and a complete sample sewing section. The textile engineers in conjunction with the R&D and fabrics departments develop new fabrics, elastics, prints and other embellishments.Fashion designers use these to develop fashion products for the various export market. This has proven to be very useful to the buyers from USA and Europe and many of them are routinely using this facility. 11. Conformity with International Labour & Environmental Standards: Our operations are conducted with awareness for environmental safeguard and we deem it a s our obligation to prevent pollution by complying with relevant environmental legislations. Apex is one of the country’s very first textiles knit composite industries to have its own Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) with a daily capacity of 8 million liters/day.Apex Textile complex fully trea ts all factory effluent before releasing into the environment. All the factories within the complex are fully compliant with and or certified by; WRAP certified OEKO-TEX Standard 100 OE (Organic Exchange Certificate) GSV / CTPAT approved Fare Trade ISO 9000 2001 SEDEX Code of Conduct required by major retail stores of the world, e. g. , H&M, Maidenform, Hanes Brands Inc, Vanity Fair, JC Penney, Target, Lindex, Sear-Kmart, Fruit of the loom, Walmart, The Children Place etcWe follow ethical employment practices and adhere to applicable state, National and International laws on labor employment. We provide a clean, safe and healthy environment, adopt fair labor practices, reward them with wages without any discrimination and we do not interfere in their freedom of association and personal    Page 16 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   freedom. In addition, we have the Child care center accommodate with 90 children providing food, nursing etc. 12. Buyers of Apex Textile Complex: Our buyers of Knitwear are; H&M, Zara, The Morrison, Oshkosh/Caters, Sainsbury, V a n i t y F a i r .Children Place, O’stin, Buyers of Bra are : Maidenform, H&M, George UK, Vanity Fair, Matalan, Hunkemoller, Charlott, Sears, Next, JC Penney, Kohls, Target, Lindex, Kappahl . Buyers of Underwear are : H&M, George UK, Lindex, Kappahl, DB Apparels, Hema, Next, Pi erre Cardin , 2xist. 13. Delivery time and other Commercial issues Typically an order can be made ready for shipment in 30-90 days depending on approvals of the buyer. Prior to the confirmation of an order, order details and buyer’s desired delivery dates are sent to the PPIC (Production Planning and Inventory Control) department.Upon receiving the export Letter of Credit or Contract, Apex’s merchandizing and commercial department issues purchase orders for the required raw materials. After supplier confirmation of shipment date(s), PPIC department confirms production plans. The pro duction management team, PPIC department, and QAD coordinate the production and the commercial department oversees the export and documentation. 14. How to execute a new order To start business with any of the factories of Apex Textile Complex, you or your representative can visit our factory to see our production facilities, products and compliance issues, or have the factory audited.In addition, you can send us any of the following along with the sizes & colors you want and target date(s) for the shipment(s). A sample of the item(s) you want. OR A sketch of the item(s) you want with complete measurement chart. OR You can ask us to send you samples from our own collections Our merchandizing department will give you our costing(s) and send counter sample(s) as soon as possible with and options of shipment dates. Page 17 of

Lead Contamination in Agro-Based Products as Current Public Health Threat in Bangladesh

Lead contamination in agro-based products as current public health threat in Bangladesh A. M. M. Maruf Hossain1*, M. Shahidul Islam2, Md. Moklesur Rahman1, Md. Mustafa Mamun1, M. Azizul Islam Kazi2, and Syed Fazle Elahi1 1Department of Soil, Water and Environment, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka; 2Analytical Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka. *Corresponding author Abstract: Agro-based products are primary to all human food sources. Contamination in these is also the easiest way of human health getting affected in large scale. Among the myriad of agro-based products, commercially produced milks and eggs were sampled. Chicken eggs were sampled from Dhaka and its nearby other seven districts covering the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from each district’s egg stock market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangail’s market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts. In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. Commercial liquid milks of 13 prominent milk producers have been sampled with replication. Introduction: Poultry plays a vital role in the economy of Bangladesh in recent years. The contribution by livestock is 3% of the total GDP (BBS, 2004) and nearly 10% of the agricultural GDP (Poultry Business Directory, 2007). As food poultry provides meat and egg. An egg is a good source of energy, protein, and fat. A 50 g weighing grade A chicken egg provides estimated values of 297 KJ energy, 6g protein, 5g fat (1. 5g saturated, 2. 0g monounsaturated, and 0. 8g polyunsaturated), and 190mg cholesterol. Chicken eggs are the most commonly eaten eggs, and are highly nutritious (FAO, 2007). They supply a large amount of complete, high-quality proteins (which contains all essential amino acids for humans), and provide significant amounts of several vitamins and minerals, including vitamin A, riboflavin, folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, choline, iron, calcium, phosphorus and potassium. Again liquid milk is an important source of fat, lactose sugar, and proteins (Casein, Albumin). Egg and milk are essential contexts to our daily diet. Bangladesh has a long historical record of raising poultry under traditional backyard farming. In 1935 improved variety of birds were first introduced in the countries. In the long run it is in the early nineties that a number of private parent stock farms have started their operation to produce commercial Day Old broiler and layer Chicks. Today for commercial egg production layer chicks from these farms are being used. Commercial egg production mostly uses the layer breeds of Hyline Brown, Hyline White, Hisex Brown, Hisex White, ISA Brown, Lohman Brown, Shaver White, and Shaver 579. The prominent milk producers have their own farms in Bangladesh. They produce and market both pasteurized and UTH (ultra high temperature) processed milks. For egg and milk urban people depend completely on commercially produced products while rural people have some practice of backyard farming. As industrial and agricultural practices are not strictly regulated and maintained environment-friendly in Bangladesh, contamination can happen in many ways especially with heavy metals. For this reason a widely distributed egg samples have been collected from Dhaka and its surrounding other seven districts where industrial activities and hence pollution is most prevalent. Similarly a number of liquid milks were sampled with replication to reflect a representative picture. Materials and Methods: Sampling area for egg: The egg sampling area constituted eight districts including capital Dhaka and covered the central region of Bangladesh. Dhaka, Narsingdi, Kishoreganj, Mymensingh, Tangail, Gazipur, Narayanganj, and Munshigonj were selected for the study. Twelve eggs were randomly sampled from each district’s egg stock market. In Dhaka, Gazipur, and Tangail’s market both brown and white colored eggs were found. Six eggs from each type were sampled from these three districts. In the rest five districts only brown colored eggs could be found. The sampling area is shown in gray color in Figure 1. Figure 1: Map of Bangladesh representing the darkened study area Milk sampling: Commercial liquid milks of 13 prominent milk producers have been sampled with three replications in each. These covered liquid white, mango, chocolate, and banana milks. Aarong – white, Aarong – chocolate, Aarong – mango, Milkvita – white, Milkvita – chocolate, RD – white, RD – mango, RD – banana, Amo – white, Amo – chocolate, Amo – mango, Pran – white, and Starship – chocolate liquid milks were selected for the study. Sample pretreatment: ? The egg samples were boiled in deionized water and after complete boiling albumen and yolk were separately oven-dried at 80oC to remove all moisture. The samples were oven-dried unless the difference between two readings of weight was found negligible. Each of oven-died albumen and yolk were treated and analyzed separately. ? A portion of the liquid milk samples were used for density measurement. Milk samples were treated and analyzed as it is. Sample preparation method: The samples were prepared by using HNO3 – HClO4 digestion (Kebbekus & Mitra, 1998). Since the samples were of organic origin with a very high organic content, HNO3 – HClO4 digestion was preferred over the more common HNO3 extraction for the determination of heavy metals. This strongly oxidizing digestion decomposes organics quickly and efficiently. Sample analysis: Analysis of all prepared samples was performed through atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). BDH standard solution was used for preparation of lead (Pb) standard curve. During the sample preparation for arsenic determination, hydrochloric acid (at least 11. 6 ml concentrated HCl for 100 ml total sample) and KI (at least 1 %) were added. For the other heavy metals no special treatments were done. Hydride vapor generation technique was used in the determination of arsenic and mercury. Chromium, cadmium, lead, and arsenic determination were done in air-acetylene flame whereas mercury determination was done in cold vapor. The lead (Pb) contamination in eggs is calculated by using the average parameter values of total 96 eggs sampled, where albumen and yolk have been studied separately in each egg (Table – 1). Table – 1: Average physical parameters for 96 egg samples from 8 districts Average physical parameter |Average |Standard error | |Whole weight of eggs, g |55. 5098 |0. 7590 | |Shell: albumen: yolk ratio |1: 4. 8672: 1. 9775 |NA | |Albumen raw weight, g |34. 4401 |- | |Albumen moisture content, % |84. 0603 |0. 1512 | |Albumen dry weight, g |5. 900 |- | |Yolk raw weight, g |13. 9930 |- | |Yolk moisture content, % |51. 3656 |0. 1616 | |Yolk dry weight, g |6. 8054 |- | The lead (Pd) contamination in comme rcially produced chicken eggs in Bangladesh is presented in Table 2 (average dry weight basis). Revise SPSS with all new â€Å"data† Table – 2: Pb contamination of chicken eggs in Bangladesh Sample classes |Pb in Egg albumen |Pb in total |Pb in Egg yolk |Pb in total |Total Pb in each |Pb in total egg | | | µg/g |Egg albumen | µg/g |Egg yolk |egg (albumen + |(albumen + yolk), | | |(dry weight) | µg |(dry weight) | µg |yolk),  µg | µg/g | | | |(dry weight) | |(dry weight) | | | | |Values for 6 |5. 905 |30. 6918 |18. 3190 |124. 6680 |155. 3599 |12. 6356 | |Brown Egg |samples | | | | | | | |(Dhaka) | | | | | | | | | |St. error |1. 1043 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |4. 439 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |White Egg (Dhaka) |Values for 6 |11. 1847 |61. 4041 |6. 4769 |44. 0777 |105. 4818 |8. 5790 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |1. 7396 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |2. 627 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Brown Egg (Narsingdi) |Values for 12|10. 4818 |57. 5453 | 15. 0153 |102. 1849 |159. 7302 |12. 9911 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 3770 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |3. 458 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Brown Egg |Values for 12|9. 4945 |52. 1248 |10. 6030 |72. 1574 |124. 2822 |10. 1080 | |(Kishoreganj) |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |0. 5917 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |0. 7616 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Brown Egg Mymensingh)|Values for 12|9. 4769 |52. 0279 |5. 7009 |38. 7969 |90. 8248 |7. 3869 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |1. 1593 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |0. 6024 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Brown Egg (Tangail) |Values for 6 |11. 565 |60. 7000 |5. 4060 |36. 7898 |97. 4898 |7. 9290 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |4. 4361 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |1. 8938 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |White Egg (Tangail) |Values for 6 |11. 3587 |62. 594 |0. 7730 |5. 2602 |67. 6197 |5. 4996 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 4524 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |0. 4713 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Br own Egg (Gazipur) |Values for 6 |6. 8734 |37. 7349 |1. 755 |11. 4023 |49. 1372 |3. 9964 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 0868 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |0. 6178 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |White Egg (Gazipur) |Values for 6 |5. 9167 |32. 4825 |2. 2874 |15. 666 |48. 0491 |3. 9079 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |2. 1738 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |1. 2855 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Brown Egg |Values for 12|0. 7702 |4. 2285 |5. 4222 |36. 9002 |41. 1288 |3. 451 | |(Narayanganj) |samples | | | | | | | | |St. error |0. 4071 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |1. 9852 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | |Brown Egg (Munshigonj)|Values for 12|11. 3360 |62. 2346 |8. 8177 |60. 0079 |122. 2426 |9. 9421 | | |samples | | | | | | | | |St. rror |2. 3649 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |2. 7654 |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ | Maximum permissible limit in chicken meat is 0. 1  µg /g and in chicken fat is 0. 1  µg /g(1). The average statistics for all egg samples are presented in Table 3 . Table – 3: Statistics of all egg samples |Total sample number |192 | |Mean |8. 1611 | |Std. Error of Mean |0. 5253 | |Minimum |ND* | |Maximum |34. 5637 | * = Not detected The average lead (Pb) contamination picture in commercially produced liquid milks in Bangladesh is presented in Table 4. Table – 4: Pb contamination picture in liquid milks in Bangladesh |Sample classes |Average density |Volume as packed, mL|Average Pb |Standard error |Average total Pb | | | | |concentration in | |in packet,  µg | | | | |sample,  µg/mL | | | |Aarong – white |1. 0207 |250 |0. 8102 |0. 2451 |202. 500 | |Aarong – chocolate |1. 0511 |200 |1. 5344 |0. 2675 |306. 8800 | |Aarong – mango |1. 0554 |200 |0. 9447 |0. 3961 |188. 9400 | |Milkvita – white |1. 0226 |250 |0. 9739 |0. 3212 |243. 4750 | |Milkvita – chocolate |1. 0548 |200 |1. 2925 |0. 6512 |258. 5000 | |RD – white |1. 193 |230 |1. 9657 |0. 1987 |452. 1110 | |RD – mango |1. 0523 |200 |1. 6984 |0. 4812 |339. 6800 | |RD – banana |1. 0552 |200 |1. 209 |0. 5012 |241. 8000 | |Amo – white |1. 0257 |250 |1. 4943 |0. 1246 |373. 5750 | |Amo – chocolate |1. 0577 |200 |0. 181 |0. 1789 |163. 6200 | |Amo – mango |1. 0619 |200 |0. 8997 |0. 8047 |179. 9400 | |Pran à ¢â‚¬â€œ white |1. 0256 |200 |1. 2886 |1. 0079 |257. 7200 | |Starship – chocolate |1. 0508 |200 |4. 7589 |1. 4347 |951. 7800 | Maximum permissible limit in milks is 0. 02  µg /mL(1). The average statistics for all milk samples are presented in Table 5. Table – 5: Statistics of all milk samples |Total sample number |39 | |Mean |1. 5145 | |Std. Error of Mean |0. 2165 | |Minimum |ND | |Maximum |7. 0713 | Standard for lead (Pb) content of milk and poultry products: Comparing the obtained data from the egg and milk samples with the standards set in â€Å"Codex general standard for contaminants and toxins in foods (CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. -2006)†, it is evident that these foods are heavily contaminated with Pb in Bangladesh. In case of both egg and milk, the average Pb levels are about hundred times higher than the maximum permissible limits whereas the maximum respective values are quite large. 1. CODEX STAN 193-1995, Rev. 2-2006. http://www. codexalimentarius. net/web/index_en. jsp 2. Kebbekus, B. B. , and S. Mitra. (1998). Environmental chemical analysis. (Blackie Academic & Professional, London). [pic]

Should the drinking age be lowered essays

Should the drinking age be lowered essays A man is out on Highway 41 on his way home from a party when suddenly a car swerves out in front of him and hits him. He and the other car are in a ditch and both cars are totaled. The police and ambulances arrive and pull him and the driver of the other car out. Then, he finds out that the person who hit him is 18 and was drunk. A teenager could have killed him. How do you suppose that made him feel? This story is a perfect example of why the drinking age of 21 should not be lowered. The drinking age should not be lowered for numerous reasons: the risks of more fatalities, numerous numbers of crashes, DWI arrests, and alcohol-related problems. Some legislators clam the drinking age should be lowered because drinking ages as high as 21 will never come close to enforcement. That cause inflates the crime rate because the authorities often apprehend perfectly responsible individuals aged eighteen to twenty-one who drink, or attempt to purchase alcohol. Although the legal purchase age is 21, a majority of young people under this age consume alcohol, and too many of them do so in an irresponsible manner. This reason is because little kids see people under the age 21 purchasing or drinking alcohol and they take it as a symbol of adulthood. The U.S. has tried prohibition twice, first at the state level in the 1850s and at the national level beginning in 1920. These efforts to prevent drinking were unenforceable and created serious social problems such as widespread disrespect for law, the growth of organized crime, and the development of immoderate consumption patterns(Ruth Engs, Dr). Some state legislators say that the drinking age should be lowered because they say that teens have enough responsibility and maturely to know when enough alcohol is enough. The proportion of the American population that drinks, including young people, has been decreasing since about 1980. Then, states were required to raise th...

Et cetera, Re, and Sic

Et cetera, Re, and Sic Et cetera, Re, and Sic Et cetera, Re, and Sic By Maeve Maddox When the Latin-loving educated classes finally started taking English seriously enough to write their works in, they brought a lot of Latin terms with them. Some of the terms remain in the language, among them et cetera, re, and sic. Et cetera Commonly abbreviated etc., the Latin phrase et cetera is used at the end of a list to indicate things in addition to those already enumerated: When you go shopping, be sure to buy such staples as flour, rice, sugar, etc. In older texts, you may see it abbreviated as c. The symbol , called the ampersand, originated as a ligature for the Latin word et (and). Note: In writing and printing, a ligature is two or more letters joined together to form one character, like the letters e+t. Etc. is frequently misspelled as â€Å"ect† and mispronounced as [ek setera]. These errors can be avoided by noting that the first part of the phrase is et, not â€Å"ek.† The exact translation of et cetera is â€Å"and the others: et=and, cetera=the others. Re: Another Latin word commonly used in English is re. The Latin phrase â€Å"in re† means â€Å"in the matter of,† or â€Å"concerning.† Traditionally, the word has been written at the top of a letter, either in all caps or with an uppercase R and a lowercase e, followed by a colon: RE: Re: Until recently, Re: was understood as a way to announce the subject of the message to follow: Re: Your letter of May12, 2014 As is the case with many formerly familiar Latin expressions in English, the meaning of Re: has become blurred, and its use is shifting. Many web users believe that it is an abbreviation for regarding. Others use it in email subjects to mean â€Å"Reply.† Sic The Latin word sic in square brackets after a word in quoted material means that something in the quotation is in error. The writer quoting the material inserts [sic] to indicate that the misspelled word or inaccurate fact occurs in the original: The most usual use of [sic] familiar to the general reader is its use to signal a misspelled or word: According to the document, â€Å"Every store on Main Street has the responsibility to provide it’s [sic] own parking.† {Sic] is also used to signal an error of fact. For example: Simpson says, â€Å"In Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur, that the young Arthur draws Excalibur [sic] from the stone and is recognized as the rightful king.† The error being flagged by [sic] does not point to a misspelling; it has to do with the fact that in Malory, the sword drawn from the stone is not Excalibur. Arthur obtains Excalibur much later, from the Lady of the Lake. Related posts on DailyWritingTips: Regarding Re: What Does Sic Mean? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightExcited ABOUT, not "for" 50 Synonyms for "Song"

Apple SWOT analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Apple SWOT analysis - Essay Example Apple statement further elaborates that currently, the company still leads the industry though innovative technologies that have resulted in ward winning computers, operating systems, iLife, and other professional applications. Furthermore, the statement narrates that Apple is setting benchmarks in the global market though launching of IPod portable music, iTunes online store, video players, and has even managed a groundbreaking entrance in the phone market through iPhone. Besanko et al (2009) further elaborates that a mission statement should tell more about what an organization believes in and not what it makes. Telling prospective customers about what a one believes in touches a nerve in the target market, leading to customer loyalty. After development of an inspiring mission statement in the mind, it is essential to consider what makes the brand tick. Precisely, it is essential to come up with something that taps into the emotions of the target customers, something that comes fro m culture rather than from products. In other words, the mission statement should focus on the targeted market or markets and not the products offered. It should mention the long-term benefits that the buyers are going to enjoy (Besanko et al, 2009). For companies such as Apple, the internet, among other media, can be used to send this message to millions of potential customers after devising such a mission statement. It can be posted in the company’s website or on social sites such as FaceBook and Twitter. Evidently, Apple’s current mission statement focuses more on what this company makes rather than what it believes in. It focuses on the products it produces rather than the way buyers will benefit in the long-term. Though such an approach it the company is committed to developing quality products, it hardly touches the emotions of customers. Thus, it rarely contributes to the development of brand loyalty among prospective customers the company. An alternative missio n statement for Apple could detail that Apple Inc. is committed to engaging in sustainable practices in order to protect health of surrounding environment and of customers, workers, surrounding community and other stakeholders. Through the mission, the company has to show commitment in offering innovative technological products and services while protecting the health of all stakeholders and conserving resources for future generations. Moreover, Apple through the mission statement has to portray that it has to detail that it undertakes to continuously strive to improve our products to meet the ultimate needs and desires of our customers. This mission statement is better since it resonates with the long-term needs of the customers and hence, contributes to development of consumer loyalty (Besanko et al, 2009). Strengths To start with, Apple has gained market leadership in its industry through ability to come up with innovative and high quality products such as iPhone, iPod, iPad and Mac. IPod, for instance, holds the largest market share (66%) of digital music globally due to first mover advantages in the industry (Yoffie, 2012). Yoffie further explains that the nearest competitor accounts for only 9.9% of the global market share. Generally, Apple uses its innovativeness to

Statistics Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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