An Analysis of Mandatory Injunctions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3050 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? (ii) Mandatory Injunction: A mandatory injunction may be defined as an order of the court not only restraining a person from further wrongful acts but directing him further to restore, as far as possible, the former state of things. A mandatory injunction not only in involves prohibition but also imposes a positive duty on the defendant to do something. According to section 39 when in order to prevent the breach of obligation, it is necessary to compel the performance of certain acts, which the court is capable of enforcing , the court may, in its discretion, grant an injunction to prevent breach complained of also to compel performance of the requisite acts. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Analysis of Mandatory Injunctions" essay for you Create order Under section 40, the plaintiff in a suit for perpetual or mandatory injunction can also claim damages either in addition to, or in substitution of, such injunction. The Court may in its discretion, award damages. The court under section 42 may grant an injunction restraining the breach of a negative contract, express or implied in those cases where according to clause (e) of section 41 an injunction cannot be granted to prevent the breach of a contract, the performance of which could not be specifically enforced. Therefore, where there is an affirmative agreement to do certain act, coupled with a negative agreement, express or implied, not to do certain act, and the court cannot compel the specific performance of the affirmative agreement, it can still grant an injunction to perform the negative agreement. An injunction is a discretionary remedy, but the discretion must be supplied judicially. But it is necessary that plaintiff must be aggrieved person. In Veish Degree College v. Lakshmi Narain, the Supreme Court observed: The relief of injunction is purely discretionary. The plaintiff cannot claim it as a matter of right; It is more in the nature of equitable relief than a legal remedy. The Court grants the relief according to the legal principles. The Court must keep in mind the principles of justice and fair play. In this case, the court refused to grant the relief to the plaintiff-teacher as it was a matter of employer-employee relationship, even though it was regulated by the statute, it would have caused undue hardship to the college authorities. The court saves monetary compensation to the plaintiff. The decision of the court is coloured by the private law approach that a service contract is not specifically enforceable. But this approach should not apply when there is some statutory protection given to the employee or when there is element of public employment in service contract. In Montogemery Municipality v. Sant Singh, the municipal committee imposed a tax on a person on whom it could not be imposed under the Municipal Act. The aggrieved person invoke the relief of injunction, as there was no â€Å"other usual mode of proceeding† available to him which could be considered to be â€Å"equally efficacious†. According to Section 41, an injunction cannot be granted: To restrain a person form prosecuting a judicial proceeding pending at the institution of the suit in which injunction is sought unless such restraint is necessary to prevent a multiplicity of proceedings; To restrain a person from instituting or prosecuting proceedings in a court not subordinate to that from which an injunction is sought; To restrain persons from applying to any legislative body; To restrain a person from prosecuting proceedings in a criminal matter; To restrain the breach of contract for personal service; To prevent an Act on the ground of nuisance, where the nuisance is of too light in nature or consists only of trifling inconvenience; Where the conduct of the plaintiff or his agent is such as to disentitle him to the assistance of the court; Where the plaintiff has no personal interest in the matter. The Constitution (Forty Second Amendment) Act, 1976 has curtailed the power of High Court under Article 226 in matters of making interim orders whether by an injunction or stay or in any manner. The High Court could not issue interim orders whether by an injunction or stay or in any manner. The High Court could not issue interim order by way of injunction or otherwise unless the opportunity was given to the other party to be heard except in exceptional circumstances for reason to be recorded in writing. Even in such exceptional circumstances, the order ceased to have effect on the expiry of 14 days from the date on which it was made, unless before the expiry of this period the other party had been heard. Clause (6) of 42nd Amendment had imposed a ban on interim orders if it had the effect of delaying an enquiry into any matter of public importance, or any offence punishable with imprisonment, or any execution of any project of public utility, or any requisition of property by the g overnment. But these restrictions were removed by the 44th Amendment. Now, under Article 226 the High Court shall have power to issue ex-parte interim orders, whether by way of injunction or stay or in any other manner. However, the court shall have to decide the matter within a period of two weeks from the date when the application for the vacation of the order is made or received whichever is later, failing which such order shall stand vacated. Injunction is an effective method to control administrative action where the authority has acted without jurisdiction, or has abused its jurisdiction or has violated the principles of natural justice. It is also an effective mode to control the exercise of administrative discretion. Therefore, if the administrative authority has not exercised its discretion at all or has exercised it at the discretion of some other body or it is arbitrary, or has exercised an extraneous consideration, or for an improper purpose, or where its exercise is mala fide, injunction would lie. Both injunction and writ of mandamus are similar in many aspects. Both are discretionary remedies (except in cases of infringement of fundamental rights, the High Court under Article 226 and the Supreme Court under Art 32 of the Constitution) and cannot be claimed as of right. However, there are some differences between both the remedies. A suit for injunction is filed in the District Court but a petition for mandamus is moved to a High Court or Supreme Court. The remedy of injunction is less expensive and within the approach of ordinary citizens whereas the writ of mandamus is more expensive and may be beyond the reach of many citizens. Oral evidences are taken by the courts in suit for injunction, whereas in a petition for mandamus, the High Courts are generally adverse to investigate the disputed questions of facts by taking evidence. Thus the scope of judicial scrutiny is greater in suit of injunction. In injunction, a claim for damages may also be combined but in a petition of mandamus, may also be combined but in a petition of mandamus, the question of awarding damages does not arise. Mandamus is a constitutional remedy which cannot be excluded by any statute whereas the injunction is a statutory remedy and a statute can bar the courts from entertaining the suits for injunctions. No formality is required in filing a suit for injunction under section 80 of C.P.C. The requirement of prescribed procedure under section 80 of C.P.C. has been lessened by the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1976. Now, the suit of â€Å"an urgent or immediate relief† against the Government or a public officer can be filed, with the leave of the court, without serving any notice. The remedy of mandamus is regarded as more effective and popular remedy. The District Courts take longer time in disposing of case, whereas the High Court disposes of the matter comparatively expeditiously. (B) Declaratory Action A declar atory action signifies a judicial remedy, which conclusively determines the rights of the parties. It does not prescribe any further relief nor any sanction against the defendant. In a declaratory action, there is no direct order against anyone or in favour of anyone but only the definition of rights and obligation of the parties. It removes existing doubts regarding the legal rights of the plaintiff. The essence of the declaratory judgment is that it states the right or legal position of the parties as they stand, without altering them in any way though it may be supplemented by the other remedies in suitable cases. A declaratory judgement by itself merely states same existing legal situation. It requires no one to do anything and to disregard it will not amount to contempt by court. A declaratory judgment differs from other judicial orders as it declares the law without pronouncing any sanction directed against the defendant. In many cases, there may be genuine doubts about the legal rights. In case of public authorities, such doubts may put them in a dilemma for doing the acts might entail ultra vires and no doing may amount omission. Declaration by a court is a most flexible remedy and gives the court a wide discretion. Declaration by a court is a most flexible remedy and gives the court a wide discretion. The court may grant declaration in lieu of an injunction or may award a declaration to the plaintiff where he has unsuccessfully sued for damages in tort and had not asked for declaratory relief. A declaration action is governed by section 34 of the Specific Relief Act, read with section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure. Section 34 of Specific Relief Act say – Any person entitled to any legal character, or to any right as to any property, may institute a suit against any person denying or is interested to deny, his title to such character or right and the court may in its discretion make therein a declaration that he is entitled and the p laintiff need not in such suit ask further relief. Provided that no court shall make any such declaration where the plaintiff, being able to seek further relief than a mere declaration of title, omits to do so. The court will not grant a declaration where the plaintiff is capable of seeking a further relief. But where the plaintiff is not entitled to further consequent relief on account of some legal bar or circumstances beyond his control, the court may grant such relief. As provided under section 55 of the Specific Relief Act, declaration made by the court is binding only on the parties to the suit and persons claiming through them. A declaratory decree made under section 34 does not operate in rem. Section 34 and 35 are co-extensive in their operation. The declaratory decree is intended to avoid chances of future litigation by removing existing course of controversy. A declaratory action is particularly useful where a legal dispute exists but no positive wrong has been c ommitted or taken place entitling a party to claim coercive relief. But a declaratory action is not based merely on hypothetical question, there must exist some genuine dispute. In Sarat Chandra Das v. Anukul Chandra Mukherji, Justice Mukherji observed, No declaration can possibly be made on the basis of chance or mere hope entertained by the plaintiff, but a person having even a contingent right in a property may sue for a declaration through the court in the exercise of its discretion may refuse to make such declaration, if it considers the claim to be too remote or that the declaration given would be ineffectual and absorative. The question, therefore, really is not jurisdiction but one of discretion to be exercised by the court. Prior to the Constitution, a suit for declaration with or without injunction was practically the only form of judicial review available against the government. But after the Constitution, notwithstanding the flexibility and other advantages of a decla ratory action, its use against governmental action has been substantially replaced by the writs under Article 32 and 226. It is now settled that, apart from a suit, declaratory relief may be obtained in appropriate cases, in a proceeding under Article 32 and 226. Apart from Section 34 of Specific Act, 1963, it is usual for the courts to pass declaratory orders whereby they declare an administrative action, rule or statute ultra vires without giving further relief in writ petitions under Article 32 and 226. Conditions for grant of declaration 1.Plaintiff must be entitled to a legal character or a right to any property: The word legal character may include every jural relationship of an individual which is recognized by law. Legal character is equivalent to legal status which may include official position, sex, profession, marital status, minority, legitimacy, nationality, franchise, etc. The word right to property may include any right which is not a mere hope or chance or whic h is not contractual in nature. The word right includes both liability and immunity. Therefore, it would be possible for a person to obtain a declaration to the effect that a certain statute does not apply to him. A suit for declaration would also lie to the effect that an order compulsorily retiring the plaintiff is illegal and ultra vires. In the same way, where the Board of Revenue covered the order of supervision into demission in revisions, it would hold that the plaintiff could sue for a declaration that the Boards order was without jurisdiction. When the services of a civil servant has been terminated in violation of any statutory or constitutional provision i.e. Article 311 of the Constitution, he may obtain a declaration from the Civil Court that the order purporting to dismiss the plaintiff was void and inoperative and that the plaintiff remained a member of the service at the date of institution of his suit. A declaration may be sought in respect of a right to prope rty. Thus, the plaintiff, the owner of land, can sue the defendant, who claims to use the land as his own or as a public road. It is essential that the plaintiff must show in him a present existing interest in the property, however, distant the possibility of its coming into actual possession and enjoyment may be. In Dumpala Ramchandra Reddi v. Dumpala Kanta Reddi, Andhra Pradesh High Court has observed, Under section 34, any person entitled to legal character or a right to any property can institute a declaratory suit against another denying, or interested to deny, his title to such character or right and he will be declared so entitled only if he is incompetent to seek for any further relief, it would not be competent for him to seek only for the declaratory relief. And he will seek any further relief in addition to the declaration only against the same defendant. 2. There must be some danger or detriment to such right: There must be some person or authority denying or inter ested to deny such character or hypothetical because the courts dont act as right. The court can refuse to grant declaration if the question is of advisory bodies. It is essential that some genuine dispute should exist, though no violation of the rights of either party may have taken place. 3.Plaintiff must seek further relief: Where the plaintiff is entitled to consequential relief and does not claim it, the court will not grant declaration. The relief provided for in the section 34 does not mean every kind of relief but one which would complete the claim of the plaintiff and not lead to multiplicity of suit. The relief ought to flow necessarily from the effect of the declaration and should be available in some proceedings. But if the relief is remote and not connected with the cause of action then the plaintiff need not claim it. The relief should be appropriate to and consequent on, the right asserted or denied. A suit for declaration is liable to be thrown out if the conseque nt relief which the plaintiff can claim is not claimed though the court may permit the plaintiff to amend the plaint. Whether the consequent relief has been claimed or not depends upon the facts and circumstances of each case. A suit for declaration may be thrown out if the plaintiff has not asked for consequent relief besides declaration. If the consequent relief is not claimed then the court would not entertain the suit for declaration. Where in a suit a relief was confined only to declaration for reinstatement in service of the State Government, it was held in such proceedings, arrears of salary and other consequential relief could not be granted. The Law Commission expressed the opinion that the proviso to section 34 should be abolished. It observed, The proviso was introduced by the Specific Relief Act with the object of preventing multiplicity of proceedings. The proviso has, however, given rise to a mass of case law as to what is further relief and whether further relief i s such relief as would be sought for in the suit in which as in the court before which the declaration sought. It leads to injustice in many cases and it only results in addition to the revenue to a certain extent. The recommendation of the Law Commission was not implemented when the Specific Relief Act, 1963 was enacted. If the proviso to section 34 is modified as the Law Commission suggested, declaration may come to serve as a useful remedy in administrative law as an alternative to writs. Until a case is decided there is often uncertain whether the plaintiff could have claimed the consequential relief or not. The role of declaratory action in Public Law as a mean of judicial review of administrative action is not appreciatable in India. It is largely utilized as a mode to regulate private relationship than the relationship between administration and citizens. But it does not mean that the use of declaratory action in public law is wholly absent. In cases where the administr ative authorities lacks, exceeds or abuses jurisdiction or violates the principles of natural justice, then the declaratory action provides the required relief. In Veruareddi Ramaraghana Reddy v. Kenduru Seshu Reddy, the Supreme Court granted declaration for the enforcement of Public Law. Declaration and injunction may be proper relief in a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution. Declaration is a discriminatory remedy and may be refused if it would be anfractuous as if an adequate alternative exists or on other equitable consideration. A declaration is not granted when it has no utility. The court refused to grant declaration that the grant of such relief was a matter of courts judicial discretion

Conflicts in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps The Angel Over the...

Conflicts in Elizabeth Stuart Phelps The Angel Over the Right Shoulder The Angel Over the Right Shoulder is fascinating because of the conflict it uncovers between a womans need to fulfill her domestic role and her need to develop as an individual. The story was published in 1852, when the American people were struggling with the role of women in society. The author, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, introduces two opposing possibilities for this role. One is the woman whose entire being revolves around her domestic sphere and who has no individual identity. The other is an individual who, although fulfilling the role of mother and wife, takes time to cultivate and develop her own interests and person. This essay will focus†¦show more content†¦Men were aggressive, exploitive, materialistic, physical, unchaste, impious, and mobile; women were pious, pure, selfless, delicate, domestic, nurturant, passive, conservative (Melder 7). The adjective listed that relates most closely to Phelps story is selfless. A woman dedicating her entire being to her family and abandoning any chance to develop her individuality is certainly exhibiting the utmost selflessness. This is exactly what Phelps gives the reader as one option of the new definition of the role of women in society. This selflessness includes the womans always acting on behalf of her family, caring for them in every possible way without stopping to consider whether she believes her actions are benefiting those involved. She is asked to have blind faith that all deeds done on behalf of the family are, by definition, beneficial to society as a whole. This concept fits very well into the ideas that were evolving through social changes of the early 19th century. The feminist movement which had recently begun held firmly to the idea that women were vital through their interactions with the family and their influences upon the new generations. Womans crowning glory was motherhood: in the bearing, nursing, and rearing of her offspring she could most fully carry our the responsibilities of her appropriate sphere, (Melder, 9). This implies that womenShow MoreRelatedNora Helmer and Women in American Literature2063 Words   |  9 Pagessocial issues of women in society. Henrik Ibsen uses Nora Helmer in A Doll House to portray the negative treatment of all women throughout society during the nineteenth century. Many women characters throughout American literature reflect the same conflicts and attitudes of Nora in Ibsen s play A Doll House. br brThe role of a woman was inferior to that of a man, especially in marriages. The main duties of a woman were centered around the home. They were expected to fulfill their domestic dutiesRead More Nora Helmer And Women In American Literature Essay1939 Words   |  8 Pagessocial issues of women in society. Henrik Ibsen uses Nora Helmer in A Doll House to portray the negative treatment of all women throughout society during the nineteenth century. Many women characters throughout American literature reflect the same conflicts and attitudes of Nora in Ibsens play A Doll House. The role of a woman was inferior to that of a man, especially in marriages. The main duties of a woman were centered around the home. They were expected to fulfill their domestic duties, such asRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCredits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form

Of Mice and Men Argumentative free essay sample

John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, has a controversial history. It has been repeatedly banned by school boards. Why might this book have been banned? Is such an action justified? In a five-paragraph essay, take a position for or against banning this novel. Use your three body paragraphs to develop each of three reasons for or against banning the novel. The Lost Portion of Human Society Right from the beginning of human civilization, books had become the vital flame that ignited many great achievements. John Steinbeck, one of the greatest writers in the American history who won the 1962 Nobel Prize, understood the desperate need of reading of the migrant workers, so he wrote Of Mice and Men in 1937 with the aspiration to tell the world about American society during the Great Depression. After being published, Of Mice and Men soon became a controversial book, and school boards had banned it, since the book contained much profanity, bullying, prostitution, and racism. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men Argumentative or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless, Of Mice and Men accurately reflected the Great Depression society in ways that people should read and observe, rather than banning it. One of the main reason supporting the value of the novel is that it delivered powerful themes and symbols. Lennie, being mentally disable but possessing monstrous strength, constantly falls into troubles. George, a small, smart man who travels with and takes care of Lennie, has to save him from danger. Not many men, when living in dire situations, would sacrifice their jobs or even their live to protect their companion. Yet love and friendship fill George with energy and hope to breach through any obstacles the two confront on their way. Moreover, George usually tells Lennie about their little cozy place, where they would build a little shack, raise livestock, grow trees after they finish their one-month shift. Lennie would then be able to tend rabbits on his own without fear of danger. This is one of the most compelling symbols in Of Mice and Men, for it depicts the desire to acquire freedom, self-reliance, and protect among cruelties in the world (Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck). Back then, everyone dreamt to possess his or her own land and not having to work for anybody. The picture George has painted is real and irresistible enough to seduce Candy and others. After all, Of Mice and Men teaches the world precious lessons about life, sticking to dreams, and never giving up. Another powerful proof that proves banning Of Mice and Men was such an inappropriate action is the novel illustrates true history about the Great Depression. Steinbeck once addressed about those who spoke profanity in his letter to the godmother in 1937 as â€Å"adornment and ornament and is never vulgar and [he tries] to write it so†; later, he wrote Of Mice and Men as a vivid way to describe the desperation of the Great Depression (Daniel). At that time, migrant workers barely went to school. Therefore, the use of profanity was widespread, since uneducated workers could not understand the depth and beauty of language. Steinbeck embedded profanity in his novel because he wanted authorities to do something to improve the situation. He wanted the people to become knowledgeable, so he used writing as his unique weapon. Furthermore, Steinbeck experienced many racial slurs in his life, and he knew he should write about it, too. In Of Mice and Men, Crooks is the only black man on the ranch. He is secluded from workers; he cannot play or talk to anyone, because â€Å"they say [he stinks]† (Steinbeck 68). Although the Civil War had passed, racism still happened across the country. African Americans should have equal rights like other ethnicities, yet the population still struggled to live and work with them. Racism not only occurred in the United States, but it also appeared internationally. Japanese believed that they were superior and then massacred different ethnicities in Southern Asia; the Nazis annihilated eleven millions innocent people simply because these people were inferior to the Aryan. Steinbeck foresaw these problems and brought them into his book, yet he never expected it to be banned from schools, where students were supposed to read and save the world. Finally yet importantly, freedom to read is one of the reasons that oppose banning Of Mice and Men. According to the first Amendment, the government shall not intervene or prohibit the freedom of speech and press (Cornell University Law School). Long ago, the Founding Fathers had cherished freedom of humankind and they composed the Constitution to protect Americans’ freedom. Liberty has followed the United States for centuries and helps leaders develop a stable political system. Hence, authorities have no rights to restrict what citizens should and should not read (American Library Association). One can draw conclusions based on what they read, but that person may never prevent others from reading that information. One can warn others about the impacts of information, but that person should respect the right to read of others. If authorities decide what Americans may or may not read, the United States will become a dystopia, where citizens have no freedom except to comply to the leaders. Of course, no one wants that to happen, not when the Fathers had sacrificed themselves for the freedom of their children, schools should not ban Of Mice and Men, for it is a powerful book that helps fix the society. Free reading is a significant process that enables creativity to expand and contributes to great inventions. When schools forbid Of Mice and Men, students drastically lose a huge opportunity to learn the meanings adorned perfectly in the book and sympathize with those who unfortunately fall into the same situation like George, Lennie, and other workers in the Great Depression. Studying history is beneficial, but textbooks themselves sometimes do not reveal completely how tragic an event was. Since Steinbeck loved the people dearly, he frankly told their stories through Of Mice and Men, so that the world might be able to assist these poor people. After all, instead of censoring the novel, schools and libraries should pay respect and make the book accessible for Americans to be aware of their past.

Symptoms and Treatment of Sinus Infection

Introduction The sinuses are tiny bags of air positioned at the back of a person’s forehead, eyes, cheekbones, and nose. Sinus infections are relatively harmless if detected and treated in time. This paper is a patient education material on sinus infections, their symptoms and treatment as well as the risk posed by not treating sinus infections in time.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Symptoms and Treatment of Sinus Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Forms of Sinus Infections Acute sinusitis is the form of sinus infection caused by a virus and lasts approximately one or two weeks (Brook, 2007). A sub-acute sinusitis is caused by bacteria or seasonal allergies and can persist for around three months. Chronic sinusitis persists for over three months and is often caused by incessant allergies or problems with the structure of the nose. Symptoms of Sinusitis The indications of a sinus infection look li ke the symptoms of common colds (Thaler Kennedy, 2009). These signs include nasal discharge, headache, fever, persistent cough, congestion of the nasal cavity, fatigue, foul breath, and facial pain. Frontal sinusitis produces pain in the forehead can result in osteomyelitis if left untreated. The pain in the cheekbone and upper teeth is due to maximal sinusitis. Treatment for Sinus Infections The headache and pain on the forehead and upper teeth can be remedied by taking pain relieving drugs such as ibuprofen. If the symptoms persist for more than one week, a healthcare provider can prescribe antibiotics since the infection probably is bacterial. A patient with facial pain probably has bacterial sinusitis and should take antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor. The patient must finish the dosage to prevent re-infection and is advised to visit the doctor for an extra check-up. The Danger of Untreated Sinusitis If undiagnosed or untreated for a protracted period, sinusitis can cause other serious problems such as abscesses (puss) in the nasal cavity and meningitis (Josephson, 2006). It can also result in orbital cellulitis, an illness of the aural that causes intense discomfort in the ear and can lead to swelling of the brain. This condition can also damage one’s auditory ability. Conclusion The symptoms of sinusitis are often confused with the common cold and may not be diagnosed easily. If left untreated, sinusitis can lead to life-threatening complications, some of which may require surgery. References Brook, I. (2007). Acute and chronic bacterial sinusitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am, 21(2):427-448.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Josephson, J. (2006). Sinus relief now: The groundbreaking 5-step program for sinus, allergy, and asthma sufferers. USA: Penguin. Thaler, E., Kennedy, D. (2009). Rhinosinusitis: A guide for diagnosis and management. New York: Springer. This essay on Symptoms and Treatment of Sinus Infection was written and submitted by user Ernesto Haley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How To Write An E-Book And Publish It On Amazon KDP

How To Write An E-Book And Publish It On Amazon KDP Want to get more mileage out of the content youve already created?  Ever thought of writing an ebook and getting it published on Amazon? If so, youve come to the right place! In this post, I will walk you through how to write an ebook by  repurposing content  youve already written, how to fill in the blanks that you havent written yet (while also getting more content to publish on your blog), and finally how to publish your book on Amazon via Kindle Direct Publishing. How To Create An E-Book And Publish It On AmazonMake Sure You Get Your E-book Publishing Kit In order to apply the information in this post, you’ll need this free e-book publishing kit. This will make it easy to follow each step we’re about to walk through. This is your chance to get a whole e-book publishing kit that comes with a book launching checklist, a content audit form for planning your blog/book content, and a topic/angle form for you to write all your ideas on. Youll also get your  very own 3-month launch calendar. So, How Do You  Write An E-book And Get It Published On Amazon? Writing and publishing a professional e-book is split into different phases such as: writing, editing, design, and publishing it to Amazon. The exercises below will walk you through the steps to get more mileage out of your  existing content. Are you ready to write and publish your book? Want to #write an e-book and get it published on #AmazonExercise #1: What Do You Want To Write About? Maybe you already know what you want to write about, or at least have an idea of what you'd like to write, or maybe you have no idea at all. 1. Get your  notebook and pen out. Or open a word processor of your choice. 2. Set the timer for 5 minutes and get all of your ideas out.  Write down notes for what kind of a book your ideas are for. Example: Are they self-help, how-to, or something informative? 3. Pick the top four ideas that make you most excited to write  the book and keep in mind which would be most relevant to your audience. 4. If you want to know what your audience wants, do a Twitter poll.  List your book topics as the options. You'll be able to find out what your audience wants to read. Set the poll for how long you want it to run. Then press Tweet and pin your tweet to the top of your Twitter account. When #writing your book, think about what is in it for your reader. #contentmarketingExercise #2:   What Is Your Book Angle? This next exercise will help you figure out what the  angle is. Keep your pen and paper on hand. You'll want to jot down your ideas. You can also use this exercise when it comes to determining blog post angles as well. Figure out and write down your  WIIFM statement, which means "What's in it for me?"  This should be a brief paragraph explaining  the benefit a reader will receive from reading your book. You have to constantly think about what your audience wants. People want information and help with their problems. So if you have the answers they need, then you are in luck. Get inside your reader's head by asking yourself "What's in it for them?What are going to be the three main benefits for your audience when reading this book? Once you have your answer you'll have the  framework to begin. It'll help narrow your focus so your book isn't full of a bunch  of awesome ideas, but no focus. For example, our last ebook's topic was social media strategy. The angle was: Get organized as you build a regular schedule of relevant, engaging content that will build your social media following. Know where to start and how to focus your time to get the most engagement. Cut out the noise by reading one book that will help you  make the most of your time. Then just make sure that you mix what your audience wants to read about  (Topic) with the unique perspective you'll bring to that topic  (Angle).   Exercise #3: What Does Your Audience Want To Learn About That Topic? Write up a list of the things you think your audience would like to learn about the said topic and angle from above. Say my topic was: "how to blog consistently." And my angle was:  "You'll learn how to organize your ideas, write brilliant blog posts that capture your audience's attention,  and save you plenty of time." With that topic and angle in mind, I thought up a list something like this for what my audience wants to read. Here's what I came up with (in  chronological order): How to get blog ideas when you have no ideas? How to captivate your audience in the first few sentences? How to outline a blog post once you have an idea? What kinds of things you should look out for when editing? How to design graphics and images to go with your content? I could go on, but you get the point. This is the same process that we have  for our blog outlines here at . Break out each sub-point underneath your topic into chapters. If you think of each chapter in your book as a blog post, then that works perfectly. Take a look at your list. How many of the topics have you already written blog posts about? More on that in the next exercise. Exercise #4: Audit Your Existing Blog Content  And Find The Gaps First off, do a quick content audit of your blog to see what  you've already written around those topics within the angle and topic for the book. What if you've never done a content audit? No worries. Here's a simplified process to follow: Go to your blog  and look at the categorized pages. Here I am looking at the "Content" category posts on our website: Recommended Reading: How To Choose The Perfect Blog Categories To find your categories in WordPress, go to the black sidebar on the left side.  Click Posts in the black sidebar on the left and then click Categories. Which will open the Categories page. Your categories will be listed and to the far right you'll see how many blog posts are categorized under that category: If you click on the count under one of the categories like this: Then you'll be brought to a page like this with all of the blog posts under that category, which means some are published posts and others are drafts. Go through all of the blog posts and add any to your list that would fit well with the book's angle and topic. Add a star next to it on the list so you remember you already wrote it. Repurpose your blog content and turn it into an e-book. Find out how here:Is Your Book  Going To Have Chapters Or Sections? Or Both? Are you going to have sections and chapters in your book? Or, just one or the other? You could have sections to divide the book up into different chapters.  Make sure they fall under your topic and angle. Write up a list of the different sections you'd include in your book: Section  #1 Section #2 Section #3 Then under each of those sections  you could set up your chapters something like: Section #1 Chapter #1 Chapter #2 Chapter #3 Section #2 Chapter #1 Chapter #2 Chapter #3 Chapter #4This isn't a  complete outline of sections up  above but you get the idea. Try to do all of this in chronological order. Pro Tip: The great thing about writing all of this is that you'll have a lot of content. Why not use some of the new content you've written as blog posts? Kill two birds with one stone. Exercise #5: What Is Your Deadline? Start with your e-book launch date. You are going to need to know the best days to publish an e-book on the Kindle Amazon store in order to launch your e-book successfully. The best day to publish to the Kindle store is  Tuesday. It's good practice, to publish your book  it two to five days before you launch it.  Then you can do any last-minute changes. Get A Launch Team When writing and publishing a book it's a great thing to have a launch team on your side. They help you launch a successful book. Here is an example of what Jeff Goins did with his launch team. One way to keep your launch team information all together is to send out a Google Form with your "interview questions". Open Google Forms and start a new form. The great thing about writing up a launch team application is that you can write any questions you'd like. This all has to do with what is important to you when it comes to having a launch team. Once you are done with your form go to the upper right side and click on Send. From there, you'll be able to send it to anyone. Pop it in an email update to your subscribers. You can even share your Google Form  on social media. Pro Tip: Think of a way you can thank your readers for reading your book and also for leaving a review. You can have your launch team: Read through the book and give you last-minute thoughts. Share about your book on social. Keep them updated on anything around your book. Filling The Gap When you have your launch date set,  work back from there in one-week  increments. Start with your e-book launch date and work back from there!Here are some questions you'll want to figure out: How many blog posts do you write a week? How fast can you write a well put together blog post? How many weeks will it take you to finish your content writing? And while you are working on the writing, who will design your book cover? You can hire a book cover designer at 99designs, freelancer.com, or contact a cover designer online. Recommended Reading For Writing: This Is The Ultimate Blog Writing Process To Create Killer Posts How To Write More Content To Increase Your Blogging Schedule This Is What Happens When You Say Good-Bye To Writer’s Block Recommended Reading For Design: How To Work With Designers With Authentic Advice From ’s Designer The Ultimate Guide To Using Color Psychology In Marketing + Free Color Schemes How To Attract An Audience With The Best Blog Photography Tips (+128 Free Images) If you have to publish four posts a month, how many do you have to finish writing before the ship date? Exercise #6: Get Your Book Out Of Your Mind You know what you want to write about and you've also weeded through all your blog  content for blog posts that relate to the angle and topic of your book. Now you just have to fill in the gaps and write the chapters that aren't written yet. Remember, once you finish each of the chapters you can also use those for blog posts. Here are a couple of ways to brainstorm your ideas before you sit down to write: Use A Mind Map To Brainstorm This is a pretty simple brainstorming method, but it really works.  It’s a great way to get your ideas out visually in front of you. Set your timer for about 5 minutes. Write your chapter idea (problem you want to solve in that chapter) in the center of the page. Draw a bubble around it. What will solve that problem? Write the solutions to the problem and then connect the bubbles with lines. For each bubble with a solution, come up with at least 3-5 actionable bullet points to walk your readers through the solution. Here are some great mind mapping tools: Coggle MindMapple Recommended Reading: 4 Simple Brainstorming Techniques That Will Help You Write Killer Content Use Content Mapping To Keep Your Blog Moving Forward Brainstorm With A One Sheet  Brain Dump Get all of your ideas and thoughts out in front of you. After you get all your ideas out and in front of you, you can  make it into an outline. How To Do A 1-Sheet Brain Dump: Set your timer for 5 minutes. Write your ideas on a  sheet. This is a massive brain dump. Recommended Reading: The 10-Minute, 10-Step Solution For The Best Blog Outline How To Plan A Blog Post In 10 Minutes So You Can Write It Better And Faster Exercise #7: Now Start Writing Your Book Writing your book is the funnest part of all of this, especially when you start to see some progress. It's super exciting when you have a stack of pages that you wrote. I recommend you start writing your book in Word format, since that is something we learned would have saved us a lot of time. Use styles to format your e-book in Word. Here is a great video to walk you through styling format: Pro Tips From Our Content Marketing Lead: Use word styles. Edit everything with the "Show all nonprinting characters"  view on. You don't want extra paragraphs. Use page breaks instead of hard returns. Make the images and graphics as big as you can. This is how to format an e-book in Word.Edit With Nonprinting Characters On And Don't Use Hard Returns? First off, when editing your book  it's going to be important to watch out for nonprinting characters. To look for those, click on the paragraph symbol:  ¶. Then you'll be able to see the nonprinting characters. Use Page Breaks You'll also want to avoid using hard returns because they'll show up as white space when you upload your book to Amazon. Use page breaks instead. In order to find these,  click on Insert and then Break. Click  Page Breaks. You'll see this Page Break symbol. Make A Clickable Table Of Contents This video will walk you through the steps to create a clickable table of contents: Biggest Takeaway: Use headings in your styles panel for your chapter titles. It will make the process easy as cake. Alternative to Word: Scrivener For my personal book writing, I use an awesome paid program called Scrivener. I love it because it makes it easy to write a long form book. You can set up each of the chapters in their own files within the main book file. If you've never heard of Scrivener, be sure to check it out. It allows you to organize and write your content all in one place. Speak Your Ideas Before You Write Them This really helps me get my ideas out and in front of me. Sometimes you need a break away from the computer screen when writing. Get your smart phone recorder or recorder. Talk  about what you want to write about in the chapter. When you’re done, listen to your recording. Type everything you said out. You’ll probably want to press pause a lot since other ideas will rush back to you when you write it down. The Different Sections That Make Up Your Book Book Copyright Page: This is a page that is normally used for writing down all the important information that helped your content get published. Your name, the publisher's name, the editor's name, designer's name, the website name, your copyright, and the year of publish. Here is a great guide on how to build a copyright page. Dedication:   This is a great place to dedicate the book to someone. It usually shows up in the first few pages. Foreword:  Once you've written your book reach out to someone you'd like to write a foreword for your book.   It helps if you've gotten to know them.  Like for us, we reached out to Jay Baer with our rough draft to see if he'd be interested in writing a foreword. When you are writing your book work on building connections with people who you might want to write the foreword. Intro:  The intro is what hooks your readers. You should incorporate some of that into your book description on Amazon. Conclusion:  Your conclusion is what rounds it all up and ties everything together. You show your readers what they learned throughout the entire book or at least a glimpse of the most important things you want them to remember. Acknowledgments/Thank You Page: This is a great place to share thank you’s with the people who helped your book become possible. Think editors, designers, and other writers. At The End Of Each Chapter:  Make sure you write a couple of sentences that will lead your readers into the next chapter. Your goal is to make your readers keep reading. Exercise #8: Final Design And Editing Touches For Your Book There are plenty of things that go into creating a professional looking book. You have to know that when you upload your book to Amazon that you are playing against millions of authors and writers. You are going to want to make sure that your book can compete against them professionally. First off, take a look at least 5-10 other books that your book is similar to. What things did they do with their book? Look at and compare these things: What is their cover like? What's the font on the cover like? What is the size of their font? Small or Big? What colors are more popular? Make sure your title and subtitle font is big enough to read. The font will look a lot smaller when you are seeing the thumbnail images in the Kindle store. A bigger font will make it easier for your readers to see what your book is about. If they have to wonder and guess about what the book is about, they probably won't click on it. You can see from this example which books stand out more than others. To find books that are comparable to your book go to the Amazon homepage: Then you'll see this page. You can check out the Kindle Best Sellers to  see  what other people have done. When you are in there you will be able to see the best sellers in the free Kindle ebooks as well. Make it easy for your readers and don't give them a reason to not click on your book. Do you know why self-publishing has gotten such a bad rap? Because people do shoddy work - both in writing and design.- Jeff Goins Make sure your book is comparable to the professionally edited and designed books put out by traditional publishers. Want  An Editor? If your team has an editor, have your editor look over your book and make changes. It's important to catch typos, grammar flops, and punctuation mishaps as well as areas that don't really make sense. Having your editor or hiring an editor to edit through your book will save you from embarrassment later. You can find editors on Freelancer.com  and Upwork  (formerly known as Elance). Need A Designer? Want to have any images, graphics, or artwork throughout your book? But don't have the time or skills to create your own? You can find a designer  on the same sites where  you can find an editor. You may also want to try Dribbble. If you'd like to design your own graphics here are some helpful blog posts you should read. Most of them have to do with designing graphics for blog posts, but they can also be used for designing graphics for your book: The Ultimate Guide To Using Color Psychology In Marketing + Free Color Schemes How To Work With Designers With Authentic Advice From 's Designer How To Attract An Audience With The Best Blog Photography Tips (+128 Free Images) 10 Stunning Examples Of Visual Content Marketing Should You Use Stock Or Free Images For Blog Posts? 5 Super Easy Ways To Create Images For Your Blog Posts How To Design The Best Blog Graphics With Free Tools And Design Theory How To Make The Best Blog Graphics (For Non-Designers) If you don't even want to have to struggle with formatting your book, you can hire someone to format the entire thing for you at one of the outsourcing sites that I listed above. Exercise #9: Uploading And Publishing Your Book On Amazon Getting into Amazon can be a bit tricky if you don't know your way around in KDP. But never fear, for I am here, and I am going to walk you through how to publish your book on Amazon. Want to publish your book in the Amazon Kindle store? Here's how:First off, you are going to want to have a KDP Amazon account. Once you sign in, you are going to want to put in all of your bank details so your money will go into your account. Once you click there you'll be brought to a page like this where you can enter your address, tax information, and also your bank details. After you are done filling all of that out, scroll to the bottom and press the yellow save button. To upload a book to Amazon click on the Bookshelf and then click on Create new title. You will be brought to this page: Remember if you click to enroll your book in KDP Select that your book must not be available anywhere else online for 90 days. That even means on your own blog or website. Amazon wants to have exclusivity with you. After those 90 days are up, you can put it elsewhere online. Scroll down and you will find: Type in your book name and your subtitle. If you have a publisher name, put it in as well. If you don't, some people just put their blog name or a made up publisher name that they use for all of their books. Your book description is your Amazon book description. It will be what encourages or discourages people from buying your book. What Goes Into Your Book Description? First off, take a look at 5 other writers who have published books that you look up to. How did they format their description? How'd they hook you to read the entire description? Here are some book description writing tips: 1. Start your book description with an intro. Ask your readers a few questions. The questions should show what problem your book is going to solve. Here is an example from the intro of our book description:  Have you been staring at a blank slate without any inspiration for your social media marketing? Do you struggle to find time and keep up with a consistent social media schedule? If you’ve answered yes to any of these questions, then you’ve come to the right place. 2. Show your unique solution to your readers problems. Here is our example:  This actionable book will help you get organized as you build a regular schedule of relevant, engaging content that will build your social media following. 3. Speak to the reader. Call them out by their job title or something similar. Example:  Maybe you're a marketer, a social media manager, or a blogger who wants to cut out the noise by reading one book that will show you how to make the most of your time. 4. Show your credibility. Why are you an expert and why should your audience learn this from you? Example:  As the content marketers at , we’ve personally used every piece of advice in this book. It’s helped us get around 60K followers across our social platforms- and you can experience the same success. 5. What will they find in your book? Share what they'll learn from reading your book. Example:  In this guide, you'll learn how to: - Get organized and take control of your social media strategy. - Listen to and connect with your audience’s needs to create content that’ll boost engagement. - Figure out a social media editorial calendar that will quadruple your traffic. 6. A quote from an influencer.   7. A closing question. Example:  What’s stopping you from finding more time, being more efficient, and rocking your social media content sharing strategy? What's An ISBN Number? An ISBN number  is a  13-digit number that identifies the book published internationally.  If you have an ISBN number you can fill it into your book information in KDP. For an e-book, an ISBN isn't really needed, but If you don't have one and want one, you can find out how to purchase one here. Okay, let's move onward. When you scroll down you'll see this: When you are done with that scroll to the bottom and press Save and Continue. This  will bring you to the Rights And Pricing page: If you want the book to be available everywhere click Worldwide rights. You can set your royalties to either 35% or 70%. KDP has a whole list of what the differences are between the two. If you'd like to spread the word about your book by allowing lending it will allow  your readers share the book with a friend for a certain amount of time. Why not? When you've made it to the bottom you'll see this: Click the check box at the bottom of this page and then click Save and Publish. If you have any problems in KDP, Amazon is really helpful and will call you to help solve your problems. Bonus Section: The Mistakes We Made That You'll Want To Miss There are quite a few things that we messed up on while writing, creating, and launching our e-book. Learn from the  mistakes we've made  and avoid them at all costs. It'll save you a ton of time. We didn’t take advantage of a launch team early enough. This is something I definitely recommend, especially if you want your e-book to perform well. The reviews are needed in the first few weeks that it's on Amazon. We will do this will our next book. There really isn't a FREE e-book on Amazon unless you sign up for KDP Select. But with that, Amazon wants to have exclusivity with you for 90-days. KDP Select would allow you to give your book away for free so many days of the year. We didn't sign up for KDP Select because we had the book elsewhere online. It's really up to you whether you choose KDP Select or not. Make sure your cover is comparable to the other books that your book will be competing with. The bigger the font the better and brighter colors seem to do better. This is something we will improve with our next book. The table of contents in our book  don’t link to the pages they are supposed to link to. Make the Amazon e-book into a PDF and give it away for free along with a bundle of free stuff. Gait it to get more subscribers. And then use the preview of the book in Amazon as a landing page that directs people to your other landing page where they can get the PDF e-book and the bundle. We learned a bunch, but overall the book was a success. What If It Could Be Easier? You have all the steps it takes to write and publish an e-book on Amazon's Kindle store. If you'd like to make  the entire process to easier, then  consider signing up for 's 14-day free trial. You'll be able to schedule your e-book launch calendar along with the goals you want to meet before your book publishes. Here is an example of how you could schedule out your book launch on : Ready... Set... Write... And Launch Your E-book You now have everything that you'll need to plan, write, edit, design, and launch your e-book in the Amazon store. Are you ready to become a published author?

Food Culture Essay Example

Food Culture Essay Example Food Culture Essay Food Culture Essay Essay Topic: Like Water for Chocolate Food Culture Name: Course: Institution: : Instructor: Date: Food Culture Sydney is famous for its culinary variety and expertise. It is famous for combining commercially prepared food with fresh ingredients. Many of the world’s best chefs are said to come from Australia, and this is given by the fact that they provide the best seafood dishes. The budding food culture in Sydney is considered adventurous because of its growing preference amongst the locals and tourists, as well. Australian cuisine is currently one of the most dynamic cuisines in the world thanks to immigration and a public willing to try out new things in matters culinary. Prominent gourmands from different places around the world such as New York and Paris are known to frequent Sydney to share and learn culinary tricks. These chefs bring with them fresh ideas that the locals are starting to appreciate and like. This had enhanced the dining standards in Sydney making Australian chefs, recipe books and food writers sought after abroad (Ver et al, 2008). The mixture of cultures in Sydney has given birth to the development of diverse food cultures in the region. There is a new frenzy in Sydney, which is Cake Wine. This notion is about pairing the best music and art pieces with wine. This innovative idea is different from the cliche perceptions where winemakers are always thinking of what foods to pair with their wines. The founders of Cake felt the need to initiate this notion into the market after looking for something different in bottle shops and not finding it. They said, â€Å"We didn’t see a wine brand that was speaking to us and the generation who are interested in what we call ‘creative culture’† (Shanti, 2012). They are using sauvignon Blanc and cabaret merlot as canvases for the imaginative works of other artists. Beci Orpin’s art work in on the white while the red has Kill Pixie’s work. These are all ways aimed at improving their love for creativity and culture using wine. Wine enthusiasts are thus encouraged to partake in wine tasting events and functions but not to develop into connoisseurs. Taking Cake is an establishment of oneself as a lover of culture, music, art and food. Sydneysiders who have embraced this new form of drinking, have shown appreciation for innovative ideas in linking drinks and culture instead of the usual food and cultures to which they are used. Wine enthusiasts from all over the world have traveled to Sydney to sample this new phenomenon, and the results of these experiences have been impressive. It is said that taking Cake attaches an individual to Sydney music and street art. However, this idea came about after extensive traveling to carry out research in the whole of Australia about wines, before they settled on the two wines with which to work. The story behind the selected wines is purely because they were found in the oldest winery in Adelaide Hills. Cake wines are not too strong and lack opinions. Cake drinkers appreciate the lightness of the wines and the fact that they are light and easy to drink. They are wines that are bought and enjoyed without second thoughts. These wines are considered ideal for after-work relaxation periods and weekend getaways. Cake drinkers are also associated with their affection for creativity and freedom; they are a new generation of drinkers who do not give in to making compromises in life. Cake creators like to call their customers as people who â€Å"want their cake and eat it too† (Shanti, 2012). This means that they are adventurous and open to new cultural ideas. Cake can be found in around Sydney in 60 stockists and is sold at music festivals, galleries and cinemas. This is because most of its clientele is music and art lovers from Sydney and the world over. There are plans to engage new wines into the Cake business in the near future, namely pinot noir and pinot grigio. These wines will also be adorned with labels by a fresh breed of artists. One of the fastest selling Cake wines is the Layer Cake Shiraz. It is known for its exotic taste at the nose with hints of mint, dark chocolate, eucalyptus and mulberry. Customers notice on their palates the slight notes of dark chocolate, oak and black currant. It has been to have a slight touch of bitter tannin on the finish, making it a favorite of many. The Sauvignon Blanc is well balanced with stinging natural acidity leaving a mouthwateringly crisp finish. It is also made with hints of citrus and bright tropical notes and an allure of passion fruit. The pinot noir is expected to have a clean, delicate taste of cherry juice, blueberry fruits and plum flavors. The pinot grigio will possess precision in acidity leaving a crisp finish just like the Sauvignon Blanc. Sydneysiders are increasingly embracing the new culture that is Cake wines, and this has boosted their economic and social lives, as more tourists flock the region to have a taste of this innovative sensation. As the rest of the world embraces food cultures, Australia leads in this venture as it continues to celebrate biodiversity in its culinary cultures and its growing popularity in some of the world’s most legendary destinations. Customer experiences associated with Cake are linked to the love of creativity in culture and giving back to the community. Twenty-five cents from every bottle purchased go to FBI Radio, a community radio station. Cake also has connections with Inertia, a music label that provides appropriate soundtracks and ‘limited-edition vinyls’ to Cake-drinkers (Shanti, 2012). The Cake team supports drinkers of wine and artists of different calibers through their wine and promotional events. The main aim of the Cake team is not to contemporize the bottle labels but rather to contribute to the culture. In their words, the Cake team says, â€Å"we want to be different, we want to give back and support the culture that we love, this goes well beyond putting a pretty piece of art on your label† (Shanti, 2012).

Is political analysis a science, an art or some kind of hybrid Essay

Is political analysis a science, an art or some kind of hybrid - Essay Example With the passage of time, the concept of political philosophy was introduced, which supported the view of political sciences being the master of all sciences as forwarded by Aristotle (Stanford University, 2011). Hence, from understanding people’s behavior from a specific point of view of politics and governance, it was expanded to understanding the cultural, ethical and religious needs and behavior of people, which directly affects their outlook and code of life. Thus, political science was evolved, amalgamating some core areas of humanities, religious, cultural psychology, sociology, philosophy, leadership and public administration (Britannica, 2013). This expanded the application of political analysis, and it made a place in the sectors of law, communism and humanities. There are numerous researches and studies on each field mentioned above, and this depicts the richness political sciences carries in itself. Furthermore, with the increasing awareness of leadership roles and responsibilities, a considerable emphasis is been put on how people are governed and by whom (Britannica, 2013). The fact that, the end motive is the same today also, to find ways and methods to attract more people, but the government system now, can not entirely rely on theories and scientific methods for determining human behavior. As the cause and effect theory in science tells that there is a particular effect directed by a particular action, does not solely apply in political sciences. Stating the above facts, the role of science cannot be negated completely (UCLA, 1996). The empirical analysis helping political sciences to understand the emerging trend of globalization and international relations management are all the scientific tools for efficient governance. This makes it difficult to categorize political sciences as a subject of hard- science or simple arts. It can therefore, be taken as a hybrid of these two fields, where some issues are predefined while some still exist s in the grey areas (Singh, Marquette, Alolo, 2007). Understanding Political Analysis Background The implication and use of political analysis in governance and public administration has its roots from the ancient civilization, in the time of Plato and Aristotle (Nederman, 1991). The ideology behind its evolution was related in the determination of features and responsibilities for those desiring power and authority. With the Roman fall nearly thousand years back, the Greek philosophy of social and political behaviors emerges, with which the world entered in a new era of political laws and governing states. The definition of power and the rule was changed, from something that is bestowed upon to something that has to be earned (Adcock & Bevir, 2005). At that point in time, scientific observations and empirical approaches were the only tools involve in forming a government and finding people’s interest in the state government. This was the normative knowledge approach, which d etermines the definite reaction of people upon certain government policy or process. Later, a non-normative approach, based on the grounds of psychology was introduced. It takes into account hypothesis and several assumptions, whose empirical evaluation leads towards a particular finding (Adcock & Bevir, 2005). In the contemporary government system, a Model Based Approach is used, which has fragments of several models combined to make

Client Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Client Relationship - Essay Example "Think of your life as a consumer. There must be a retail establishment somewhere-maybe a deli, or a CD store-where you really like to shop, because someone there always seems to know exactly what you want. So now visualize going into this store and having them screw something up, with the result that leaves you feeling a little angry. If it were any other store, you think to yourself, you'd take your business elsewhere. But the reason you don't go elsewhere is it would be too much trouble, right You'd have to teach someone at another store everything about your personal tastes that the person at this store has already learned." (Rogers, 2006)Remember that different needs are based on kind of businesses. CRM mans managing all contacts with the clients; part of this is improving customer service. A good CRM program will allow a business to acquire, serve, and retain quality clients. A good CRM program can improve customer service by facilitating communication in several ways: Provide a mechanism to track all points of contact between a customer and the company, and do it in an integrated way so that all sources and types of contact are included, and all users of the system see the same view of the customer (reduces confusion). Help to identify potential problems quickly, before they occur. Provide a user-friendly mechanism for registering customer complaints (complaints that are not registered with the company cannot be resolved, and are a major source of customer dissatisfaction). Provide a fast mechanism for handling problems and complaints (complaints that are resolved quickly can increase customer satisfaction). Provide a fast mechanism for correcting service deficiencies (correct the problem before other customers experience the same dissatisfaction). Use internet cookies to track customer interests and personalize product offerings accordingly. Use the Internet to engage in collaborative customization or real-time customization. Provide a fast mechanism for managing and scheduling maintenance, repair, and on-going support (improve efficiency and effectiveness). The CRM can be integrated into other cross-functional systems and thereby

Psychological perspectives Essay Example for Free

Psychological perspectives Essay The brain is a super computer with a complicated network of neurones subserving many of the activities of our daily life. Many of us are unaware of the various interconnected processes that work in unison to let us lead a simple uncomplicated life. Only when someone is ill or not normal do we feel the messing up of a great system. Cognitive function is the intellectual process by which a person becomes aware of, perceives or comprehends ideas. Recognition, conception, sensing, thinking, reasoning, remembering and imagining all come under cognitive functions ( Parayannis, 2000) Behaviour, being emotional or angry are other features of cognitive functions of the brain. They are all related to specific centers or regions of the brain. Injury in the form of trauma or illnesses leads to various cognitive impairments. Summarizing I would deign to declare that each of us is what our brains would want us to be. The combinations and permutations of the neurones decide our personality, skills, talents, feelings, behavior and responses. However we are aware of the fact only in the case of damage to one or more areas of the brain. The theme I shall discuss in my paper is â€Å" Psychological perspectives†. I have selected four chapters from this course which I believe should carry the message of the enigma that is the brain and the emotions that are attached for a social set up. They are Memory System (Chapter 8), Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the brain( Chapter 2), Aggression and Prosocial Behaviour (Chapter 16 ) and Social Development (Chapter 3). Memory Memory is of three kinds: sensory, short-term and long-term. Sensory memory depends on auditory, visual and visuo spatial functions . Both cerebral hemispheres are involved in analyzing sensory data, performing memory functions, learning new information, forming thoughts and making decisions (Parayannis, 2000). The left takes care of the sequential analysis. New information is systematically and logically interpreted. Symbolic information like language, mathematics, abstraction and memory is also dealt with. Memory is stored in a language format. The right hemisphere deals with the interpretation of multiple sensory inputs and here memory is stored as auditory, visual and spatial functions. One’s environment is understood. The interpretation of dancing and gymnastics are possible through the right hemisphere functions. Short term memory holds small amounts of information. Selective attention is involved. Everything that we see or hear is not stored. Short term memory is sensitive to interruption or interference. combined with other mental processes, short term memory forms an area of working memory which we use to do our thinking with. This behaves like a scratchpad. When we tackle arithmetic, do a puzzle, prepare a meal or read something, we are using our working memory. Information that has to be stored for long is possible due to long term memory which is also a function of the brain. The area which holds infinite amounts of information can never run out of ‘space’. A person’s educational caliber is supported by this long term memory which is encoded in terms of meaning and importance. Our daily activities are enabled by dual memory comprising of short term and long term memory. When we have an information which we used (short-term) but is not required for the time being, we store it in our long term memory and retrieve it when necessary. Memory loss, a feature of cognitive impairment, is the delay or failure to recall recent or distant events. Amnesia is an extreme form of memory loss when caused by a more severe injury to the brain, probably in a road accident, bomb explosion or shooting incident. Involvement due to injury or aging can produce loss of memory of varying levels. Loss can be a mild dysfunction (MCI ) or severe and named as dementia. Old people of 55-80 years of age could have cognitive impairment without having any illness. Memory loss is seen in degenerative disorders or dementias like Alzheimer’s, traumatic brain injuries, following ECT or in Korsakoff’s psychosis. Damage to the limbic system causes a loss of recent memory. This is seen in Korsakoff’s Disease. Recent events are forgotten due to a direct effect of alcohol or due to the associated nutritional deficiencies. . The ability to store and retrieve from short term memory is affected in natural aging too. The foremost problem is the loss of recent memory in Alzheimer’s Disease. The care-taker needs to be extremely patient as all her time would be spent for looking after the patient ( Ballenger, 2006). Traumatic Amnesia usually occurs as a transient phenomenon following a head injury. ECT induced amnesia follows episodes of ECT in a psychiatric illness. The amnesia is transient and may last a year. Patients with implicit memory (not dependent on the part of the brain) remember to do some things (Dorf et al, 1994). Extensive damage to the left cerebral cortex can affect long term memory. Damage to the right cerebral cortex produces a disturbance in the visual and auditory perceptions and visuo-spatial deficit. Memories of seen articles or heard songs or even regularly visited places would not be remembered. The Cerebral Cortex and the Lobes of the Brain The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. The cerebrum forms the greatest part and is divided into lobes named by the overlying bone (April, 1990). The left and right cerebral hemispheres consist of the cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain composed of grey matter. It has 1015 individual neurons connected in specific patterns. The white matter holds the tracts which connect the neurons. The surface is folded into gyri separated by sulci or grooves. Each half of the cerebral hemispheres has the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, the limbic lobe and the central lobe. Motor and sensory cortex are found. Sensory cortex is again sub-divided into primary, secondary and association cortices. Primary is where the stimulus reaches first. Secondary is the area which is connected to the primary and helps in the processing. Association cortices have a 2 stimuli input. There are 3 identified associative cortices. They are the basis of thought and perception with practically no influence on behavior. They are the parieto-temporal-occipital cortex, pre-frontal area and the limbic association area. The first receives somatosensory, auditory and visual projections. These associative areas integrate the information from the sensory modalities for language. Injury affecting this area causes a faulty language. The prefrontal area if affected produces problems in several cognitive behaviours. Difficulty arises in control of motor planning. The ability to concentrate and attend, elaboration of thought, personality and emotional traits are determined here. The frontal lobe subserves cognition and memory. Broadman’s area in the left frontal lobe is involved with voluntary motor activities( April,1990). Damage to this area causes contralateral hemiplegia associated with a motor aphasia (involvement of the prefrontal cortex or Broca’s area). The parietal lobe processes sensory inputs and discrimination, body orientation and ability to write. Damage would produce an inability to recognize parts of the body, space and an inability to write. The occipital lobe is involved with primary visual function and visual interpretation. Damage would cause cortical blindness even when the eyes are perfectly normal. The temporal lobe which has the Wernicke’s area subserves the auditory function, expressed behaviour, receptive language and memory. Damage would result in hearing deficits, childish behaviour and receptive aphasia. Lateralisation is evident in the right and left handedness of people. However this is no indication of the dominance of any hemisphere. 95% of people have left hemisphere language function, 18. 8% have right hemisphere language function. 19. 8 % have bilateral language functions. Linear reasoning, speech and vocabulary are lateralised to the left hemisphere. Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the left temporo-parietal region. This leads to difficulty in doing mathematics. Some language functions like intonation and accentuation are with the right hemisphere. Musical and visual stimuli, spatial manipulation, facial perception and artistic ability are functions of the right too. Logical reasoning is with the left but intuitive reasoning is with the right. Cerebral asymmetry is the feature of the normal human brain. The left is the dominant hemisphere with language functions while the right is involved more with visuo-spatial functions. An acquired language deficit accompanying right-sided stroke (left hemisphere involvement) is the best indication that the left hemisphere is dominant for language. The right hemisphere stroke does not involve speech problems. The corpus callosum connects the 2 hemispheres and coordinates the functions of both. Any injury to this area causes ‘Split brain’ where the coordination between the 2 hemispheres is lost. A ‘split brain’ patient does not speak of emotions or feelings. The right hemisphere and the left behave independently. The patient appears to have 2 minds. It was revealed in studies by Robert Sperry, a psychobiologist, who conducted studies in patients in whom commissurectomy (severing the corpus callosum from each hemisphere ) was done as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. He found that the two halves of the brain had specific functions and each side acted independently, whereas in the normal brain, the two halves act in coordination. This is the theory of hemispheric independence (Zaire et al, 1990) After the operation, the right half showed predominance when it came to spatial tasks like arrangement of blocks. The limbic area is the area of the brain that affects the emotions, rage, fear and sex. Integration of recent memory and biological rhythms are decided here. If this area is affected, an angry but frightened personality without emotional control would be the result. Recent memory would be lost. Aggression and Prosocial Behavior Prosocial Behaviour is helpful behavior intended to help another. It is different from altruism in that it is not voluntary helping behaviour that is costly to the giver (Psychology:An International Perspective, 2004). Another definition states that this refers to the â€Å"voluntary actions intended to help another† ( Eisenberg and Mussen, 1989). Prosocial behaviour refers to the consequences of a doer’s actions rather than the motivations behind them. They include sharing, comforting, rescuing and helping, understanding the needs of the recipient (Knickerbocker, Learning to give). Traditional theories of helping include sociobiology, social learning , empathy and arousal. Physical aggression is a major health problem. Childhood aggression is a precursor to physical and mental health problems that occur in later life. Aggressive children are also liable to higher risk of substance abuse , alcoholism, accidents, violent crimes, depression, suicide attempts, spouse abuse, neglectful and abusive parenting (Tremblay et al, 2004) It is unusual for the aggressive students to really harm their targets. However in studies of physical aggression in infancy, it was shown that by 17 months, a large majority of children are already aggressive towards their siblings, parents and peers (Tremblay et al, 2004). A study by Tremblay et al attempted to identify the trajectories of physical aggressions during early childhood and also o identify antecedents of high levels of physical aggression early in life. 572 families with a 5- month old baby were selected and followed up till 42 months. 3 trajectories were identified. The first group of 28% had children who displayed little or no aggression. 58% showed a rising trajectory of modest aggression. 14 % showed a high level of physical aggression (Tremblay et al, 2004). Best predictors before the birth of the child were, having other siblings, confidence interveal, mothers with early( before end of high school ) and high antisocial behaviour , young mothers, families with low income and mothers who smoked. The conclusion indicated was that physical aggression started in early infancy. All the predictors before birth were reasons for the child not learning how to preventive interventions. In order to change or reduce the long term impacts preventive intervention programmes must be chalked out effectively (Tremblay et al, 2004) In a model identifying 5 factors that prompt voluntarism (Clary and Snyder, 1990), they found that a combination of factors ultimately motivates volunteers. One factor is altruism but all the other four are self serving: motivation by socially adjustable conditions, ego defensive considerations, the desire to acquire knowledge or skills for personal or professional education and helping understanding the needs. Aggression is caused in 3 ways in a child: instinct, rewards and observation. Obviously these 3 factors rule the manner in which the aggression is to be overcome or prevented. Catharsis may be tried to vent the child’s anger in other ways. Rewarding non aggressive behaviour works. Cognitive training is also effective. Promoting prosocial behaviour should be tried. Rewarding good behaviour may not be so effective. A better way is to try modelling. The parent should ‘model’ good behaviour as the child always has a tendency to imitate its parents. The parent appeals to the childs pride and desire to be agrown-up (Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviour, Psychology campus. com). Social development Like all humans , babies are also social creatures. It was found from studies that babies recognise themselves at the age of 15 months. Prior to that, they would treat their mirror image as another like them and would even coax them to come out to play. At about 15 months of age, the baby starts showing interest in others and developing a social awareness. It starts showing the emotions of shame, guilt, embarassment and pride. These babies glance at the facial expressions of others to decide how to react just like adults. In one study babies placed at the side of a high cliff kept watching their mothers’ faces. If they were encouraging, the babies would cross. When the mothers exhibited fear, the babies did not move. This is identified as social referencing. It. demonstrated the emotional bond or attachment of the babies with their mothers or caregivers. For most infants emotional bonding appears around 8 to 12 months of age. Psychologist Mary Ainsworth (1913 -1999) spoke about 3 kinds of attachments. The securely attached infants would be upset by the mother’s absence. An insecure avoidant child is anxious about the mother’s absence but turns away when she returns. An insecure ambivalent child also has an emotional bond but has mixed feelings . It wants to be with the mother but is angry at her and does not want contact. Attachments do play a role in the life of the child and its future behaviour. The securely attached ones would be the most confident. Attachment failures could be damaging. The mother has a strong role in promoting attachment in an infant, hoping to improve its mental status and bringing up a resilient child. Attachments to fathers provides one more reason to have a closely knit family with well behaved children. When a seond child arrives, attachment security drops. Commercial child care centers if of good quality does provide additional security. Children tend to have better relationships with their mothers and lesser problems.

Billy Budd Essay: Themes of Good and Evil -- Billy Budd Essays

Themes of Good and Evil  in Billy Budd    Many themes relating to the conflict between Good and Evil can be found in Herman Melville's novella Billy Budd.   Perhaps one of the most widely recognized themes in Billy Budd is the corruption of innocence by society (Gilmore 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Society in Billy Budd is represented by an eighteenth century English man-of-war, the H.M.S. Bellipotent.   Billy, who represents innocence, is a young seaman of twenty-one who is endowed with physical strength, beauty, and good nature (Voss 44). A crew member aboard the merchant ship Rights of Man, Billy is impressed by the English navy and is taken aboard the H.M.S. Bellipotent.   As he boards the H.M.S. Bellipotent, he calmly utters, "Goodbye, Rights of Man," a farewell to his ship and crewmates.   However, this farewell is not only meant for his ship, but for his actual rights as well, the rights that would have kept him innocent until proven guilty under a normal society (Gilmore 18).   The society represented by the H.M.S. Bellipotent is much different from that of the outside world, as the various laws and regulations in effect during war turn a civilized society into more of a primitive state.   The rights that are fo ught for during war were no longer possessed by the men on board the Bellipotent in an attempt to keep order as best as possible (Gilmore 18).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Billy was impressed by the English navy because of a need for good sailors.   The Rights of Man cannot survive in the war-torn waters of the ocean without the protection of the Bellipotent, and the Bellipotent cannot protect the Rights of Man if it does not impress sailors (Tucker 248).   On the H.M.S. Bellipotent, Billy faces destruction from a force which he does not ... ...ic Encyclopedia.   1994 ed. Bloom, Harold.   The Chelsea House Library of Literary Criticism. Philadelphia:   Chelsea House Publishers,   1989. Bloom, Harold.   Modern Critical Views of Herman Melville.   Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers,   1986. Foster, Edward, ed.   Six American Novelists of the Nineteenth Century. Minneapolis:   University of Minneapolis Press,   1968. Gilmore, Michael T., ed.   Twentieth Century Interpretations of Billy Budd. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:   Prentice Hall Inc.,   1971. Tucker, Martin, ed.   Moulton's Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors.   4 vols.   New York:   Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.,   1966. Van Doren, Carl.   The American Novel.   New York:   The Macmillian Company,   1968. Voss, Authur.   The American Short Story.   Norman, Oklahoma:   University of Oklahoma Press,   1973.      

Ratio Analysis on Spinning Industry Ltd

Profile of Apex Textile Complex Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited Apex Lingerie Limited Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited Apex Yarn Dyeing Limited    Contact persons:    Zahur Ahmed PhD, Managing Director; [email  protected] com Shahriar Ahmed, Director Operations; [email  protected] com    Marketing & Merchandizing For knitwear: Ershad Ullah Khan, GM; [email  protected] com MD. Mushahed Alam, Manager; [email  protected] com Belal Hossain, Manager; [email  protected] com , For Lingerie and Underwear: Shahnaz Begum Zharna (Ms), AGM; [email  protected] om Nasima Begum (Ms), AGM; [email  protected] com Apex Holdings Limited Head office: Rupayan Golden Age (5th & 6th Floor) 99 Gulshan Avenue, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh Telephone: 880-2-9883358 Fax: +880-2-8810850 or 9861685 WWW. apexknitting. com; apexlingerie. com; apextextileprinting. com Factory: Mouza: Chandora, P. O. : Shafipur, District: Gazipur Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Introduction: Apex Textile Complex consists of four 100% export oriented textile and Garment manufacturing enterprises under the management of Apex Holdings Limited (AHL).Over the years the companies under AHL have built an enviable reputation of being a reliable vendor of consistent high quality, on time delivery and compliance with international labor laws & environmental standards. Companies under AHL have been supplying textiles to several large retail chains in the European Union and north America for the last 20 years and enjoy prominent status with them. Our reputation is based on the simple philosophy that â€Å"consistent high quality, on-time delivery and competitive price are the essence of long term relationship in export business†. The Textile complex is made up of 1.Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited; year of establishment 1991 Vertical operation, Fabric to garments; 2 . 2 – 2 . 3 million pcs/month knit-garments 2. Apex Lingerie Limited; year of establishment 1999 Vertical operation, Fabric to garments; 1. 8 – 2. 0 million pcs/month bra 3. Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited; year of establishment 2006 Vertical operation, Fabric to garments; 1. 0 – 1. 2 million pcs/month knit-garments and 3. 4 to 3. 6 million pcs/month of underwear (men’s & ladies) 4. Apex Yarn Dyeing Limited; year of establishment 2003 Cotton, polyester & nylon yarn dyeing as well as sewing and embroidery threadsThe AHL textile complex is located in a 17 acre fully owned compound, 35 km from Dhaka international airport on Dhaka-Tangail highway. The different units are housed in separate built spaces consisting of about 100,000 square meters. The complex is equipped with prime power (15 MW), steam (45 T/hr), Thermo boiler (75 million BTU), Hot water (from waste heat), Compressed air (2500 cuM/hour), Process water treatment (8. 0 million liter/day), and effluent treatment (8. 0 million liters/day). Along with the production facilities, the complex has a c linic attended by doctors and nurses, childcare facilities.Both these are for workers at free of cost. In addition, there is a large dining area and a subsidized canteen for the workers. 1. Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited Apex Spinning & Knitting Mills Limited (ASKML) is a fully vertical setup to manufacture high quality Knit-garments for Children, Ladies and Men’s, using inhouse fabrics. ASKML is equipped to produce a wide range of solid dyed fabrics and all-over printed fabrics (reactive, disperse, acid and pigments) using a variety of designs provided by the buyer and/or from ASKML’s own design department.The fabric can be circular knit or warp knit, 100% cotton, polyester, nylon or various blends, with or without elastane, yarn dyed or solid dyed, all from in-house source. The 42 sewing lines are equipped to produce garments starting from the basic Page 2 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   children’s items to ladies / menâ€℠¢s hooded sport jackets based on designs and specifications and accessories as required by the buyer. The total production capacity of the ASKML is 2. 2 to 2. million pieces per month, as shown below, with sufficient flexibility to allow 25-40% additional capacity of any one of the items. Infants Pcs / month Children’s Pcs / month 1,500,000 – 1,600,000 Ladies Pcs / month 200,000 – 250,000 400,000 – 450,000 2. Apex Lingerie Limited Apex Lingerie Limited (ALL) has been setup as a fully vertical operation for the sole purpose of manufacturing high quality brassiere. ALL specializes in brassieres using mostly in house fabrics, narrow fabrics ( elastics) etc.Apex Lingerie Limited produces a wide range of styles and designs using a variety of fabrics, lace and accessories based on customer’s requirement. The plant is fully equipped to produce high quality molded and non-molded bra, with or without pad, with or without under-wire and bra with traditional seams. The total production capacity of the ALL for the different types of bra is 1. 8 to 2. 0 million pieces of bra per month. The production facility is sufficiently flexible to allow 15-20% additional capacity of any of the items.Sports Bra Pcs/month Girls Bra Pcs/month 500,000- 550,000 Ladies Bra; standard Pcs/month 600,000- 650,000 Ladies Bra; fashion Pcs/month 300,000- 350,000 400,000- 450,000 3. Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited Apex Textile Printing Mills Limited (ATPML) is a fully vertical setup to manufacture high quality Knit-garments and both ladies & men’s underwear using in-house fabrics. High quality knit-garments for infant and children are manufactured in one floor. In the separate two floors men’s and ladies underwear and others intimate apparels are made.Both the sewing floors use in-house fabrics and components manufactured within the Apex textile complex. The plant is equipped with facilities to produce garments starting from the infant sleep sac k / body suits to ladies / men’s hooded sport jackets, based on designs, fabrics and accessories as required by the buyer. The garments can be from basic to complicated cut & sew, with placement prints, embroidery or both. Page 3 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   The production capacity of the knitwear section of ATPML is about 1. 0 to 1. million pieces per month of knit garments and that of the underwear floors are about 3. 4 to 3. 6 million pieces per month. The two tables below shows the capacities of the 3 floors in ATPML. The capacities of different types of knit-garment, with sufficient flexibility to allow 25-40% additional capacity of any one of the items. Infants Pcs / month Children’s Pcs / month 400,000 – 450,000 Ladies apparel Pcs / month 300,000 – 350,000 300,000 – 400,000 The table below shows the sewing capacities of underwear in ATPML. Children’s underwear Pcs / month 600,000 – 700,000Ladies und erwear Pcs / month 1,200,000 – 1,250,000 Man’s underwear Pcs / month 1,600,000 – 1,650,000 Facilities within Apex Textile complex: Apex textile complex is the combination of these 3 vertical operations, from fabrics to garment factories along with Apex Yarn Dyeing Mills limited. Most of the fabrics and other materials for the garments are produced within the Textile complex. Items like lace, under-wires, ring-slide and some special components are imported. Hangers, poly-bags, printed individual boxes, woven labels etc are locally available. 1. Garment-making:Each of the three garments factories; ASKML (knitwear), ALL (Bra) & ATPML (underwear & knitwear) have separate and complete set-ups for garment manufacturing, starting from design- sample-pattern to garment finishing. 1. a. Sample, Pattern and design department: The department in each of the garment manufacturing units is equipped with CAD (Lectra and/or Garber) systems and between 60 to 80 sewing machines t o produce samples according to buyer’s specifications and /or Apex’s own designs (see page XX). All samples are fitted on appropriate fitting-forms and on live models before sending to the buyers.From digitized patterns, all production markers are produced with optimum efficiency. Page 4 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Sections of sample, pattern & design department 1. b. Cutting department: The cutting department for each of the sewing floors is equipped with fabric inspection, 8 to 12 cutting tables, straight knife, band knife and stripe fabric pilling or lace pilling setups. The capacities of each cutting departments are carefully matched with the respective sewing capacities, between 60,000 to 100,000 pieces each day. All cut pieces are checked and are prepared into bundles of 20 to 40 pieces.The bundle baskets are sent to the sewing section. Before cutting 100% of the fabrics are inspected and laid for sufficient time on cutting tables for re laxation. Sections of the cutting floor Page 5 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   1. c. Sewing department: All the sewing floors are equipped with modern apparel machineries and attachments. The mechanical department is fully equipped with specialized attachment making within facilities. The lines are laid out in a manner to allow 100% inspection of the garments during production. Sewing floor 1. d.Finishing department: Completed garments in size lots are cleaned of loose threads, dust etc in vacuum suction device, as required. Subsequently, the garments are transferred into an enclosed humidity controlled (air conditioned) room, where, for the Bra and underwear, the garments are inspected and for the knitwear’s, the garments are finished with steam iron on vacuum tables. After putting all packaging accessories each piece is checked with needle detector before packing for shipment. For all orders, internal AQL is determined before buyer’s inspect ion. Page 6 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  HoldingsSections of the finishing floor Another section of the finishing floor 1. e. Molding & Laminating: Apex Lingerie Limited mainly uses the molding & laminating facility. This section is equipped with foam molding, elastic fabric molding, rigid fabric molding, die-cutting (for both foam & fabric) and fabric-fabric, foam-fabric, fiber fill-fabric Laminating machinery. Foam molding Capacity: 52,000 pairs/day and fabric molding capacity: 70,000 pairs/day. Foam & fabric molding section 1. f. Hook & eye tape making: Apex Lingerie Limited mainly uses the hook & eye tape making facility.This section is equipped with fully computerized machinery to Page 7 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   produce both hook tape and eye tapes of up to 4 rows. The Hook & eye capacity is about 80,000 pieces/day. Hook & eye making setup 2. Fabrics: A large variety of wide fabrics (circular knit & warp knit), using a wide range of fibers, 100% cotton, polyester, nylon, various blends, micro-fibers with or without spandex and yarn dyed or solid dyed fabrics are produced exclusively for the garments units within the textile complex. 2. a. Wide Fabrics:Circular knit fabrics: There are a total of 145 circular knitting machines, most of the machines are equipped with Spandex attachments and have extra-gauge cylinders. Circular knit fabrics can be solid dyed or yarn dyed, with or without Spandex; Total Capacity 3 5,000 Kg / day Single Jersey / Pique: Capacity/day:16,500 Kg Interlock / drop needle: Capacity/day: 6,000 Kg Rib / drop needle rib: Capacity/day: 6,000 Kg Engineering stripe (up to 6 colors): Capacity/ day: 1,500 Kg 3 thread fleece: Capacity/day: 5,000 Kg Sections of circular knitting departmentPage 8 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Warp knit fabrics: Solid dyed or yarn dyed, with or without Spandex Tricot: Double tricot, Charmeuse, mesh, honeycomb, velour, diamond tulle etc (from rigid to 30 % elastane); Capacity: 150,000 meters / month Raschel: powernet, satinette, slee knit, one way stretch fabric etc (from 5% to 35 % elastane); Capacity: 70,000 meters / month Simplex; Various types of Simplex fabrics (up to 35% elastane) Capacity : 24,000 meters to 30,000 meters / month Elastane warping, rigid yarn warping and warp knitting sectionsFlat knit fabrics: Solid dyed or yarn dyed Collars / cuffs (SHIMA SEIKI); Capacity: 6,000 sets / day Fabrics for styling Flat knitting section 2. b. Dyeing & finishing facilities for wide fabrics: Dyeing machines are suitable for cotton, spandex cotton, polyamide, polyester, viscose, and various blends; Capacity 55,000 Kg / day Page 9 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   14 sample dyeing machines which can produce 40 different sample fabrics in every day. This department is equipped with both open width & tubular finishing machinery. Fabric finishing section is equipped with stenter / open-wid th dryer, tubular-dryer / Tumble dryer / open-width compactor / tubular compactor etc suitable for enzyme finish, silicone finish or any specialized finish (e. g. , Teflon coating, antimicrobial coating etc); Capacity; 50,000 Kg / day. In addition to all the options for the chemical finishing, the department has sued- / peach-finishing machines for mechanical finishes. Capacity: 5,000 Kg/day. For Fleece fabrics, the finishing section is equipped with raising machines, brushing machine and searing machine. Capacity: 10,000 Kg/day.Part of the dyeing department showing a section of the sample dyeing Sections of the dye-finishing Page 10 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings 2. c. Printed Fabrics: The printing section can produce about 50,000 meters/day of printed fabrics, with either reactive, disperse, acid or pigment dyes. The All Over Printing (AOP) section is equipped with:    †¢ One 12 colors Rotary screen printing setup for knit fabrics with a capacity of about 25,000 meters/day. AND One 12 colors Flat-Bed printing setup for knit fabrics with a capacity of about 22,000 meters/day.Loop steamer / polymerizer / after print washing Digital engraving Computerized design preparation Fully equipped sample & strike off preparation Color kitchen Screen preparation, sample printing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Screen preparation, sample printing and 12 color rotary screen printing Page 11 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings 12 color Flat -bed printing Machine    2. d. Narrow fabrics: The narrow fabrics section is equipped with all the necessary machinery to produce a wide range of elastic and non-elastic fabrics. Rubber covering (double covering): Capacity: 1200 Kg /day Spandex covering (single covering): Capacity: 540 Kg / day Needle looms (without jacquard): Capacity: 3 50,000 meters / day Needle looms (Jacquard): Capacity: 50,000 meters/day Crochet: Capacity: 60,000 meters / day Narrow fa brics dyeing: Capacity: 350,000 meters / day Label printing: Capacity: 200,000 labels / day Narrow fabric weaving, knitting & dyeing Page 12 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   3. Yarn dyeing Dyed yarn; cotton, polyester & nylon: Capacity: 13,000 to 15,000 Kg/day Sewing and embroidery threads; Spun polyester, filament polyester / nylon / viscose: Capacity: 45,000 cones / day . Embroidery: Yarn dyeing, winding & spooling Capacity 15,000 pieces/ day Solid Embroidery: 9 color machines Applique Embroidery on print Sequence / cording / boring Embroidery section 5. Placement printing: Capacity: 60,000 to 100,000 pieces / day in up to 6 colors Pigment / Discharge print Puff / Rubber print Page 13 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   Glitter / Flock print Stone attachment Foil printing / metallic shine High density printing Photo print Sections of Placement printing department 6. Pad printing & label printing:In keeping with the need of the market, Apex has setup the facilities to print labels on label tapes as well as printing labels (particularly care labels on bra and underwear) on the body of the garments, using both pad printing machines or using transfer print labels. 7. Washing plant: Capacity 25,000 pcs garment / day The washing plant is equipped to wash knit garments with various additives, enzymes during wash and also during the drying cycle. Page 14 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Section of the garment washing plant 8. Packaging & Store:All garments are fully inspected & packaged before inspection by buyer or buyer’s agent. A large area is allocated for the proper storage of the boxes before shipment. Packaging area and storage 9. Quality control & Textile testing In addition to the modern machinery & equipments, Apex has constantly worked with a wide range of technical experts from Japan, Philippines, Hong Kong and Sri Lanka to improve the working and quality control pro cedure. Sewing technicians work constantly with the operators and supervisor to upgrade the quality standards and optimize efficiency. QA department personnel conducts inspection of fabric, cutting, molding, bundle preparation and 100% garment quality inspection and recording at all stages of production. Fabric weight (density), yarn count & composition Spectral color matching Color Fastness to wash, Rub, light etc Shrinkage and other dimensional stability Extension and Modulus etc Page 15 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings Section of laboratory, Spectral equipment and OEKO-TEX certificate In addition, regular testing of yarn, fabrics etc are conducted at our wellequipped lab, accredited by H&M. 0. Product Development and Fashion Design Department: For the last several years, Apex’s product development team has been working with various buyers to develop new fabrics, prints, narrow fabrics, embellishments’ etc to create new fashion garments for the export market. Based on this experience, in 2010 Apex setup a new independent department for this purpose, staffed by Textile engineers, fashion designers and a complete sample sewing section. The textile engineers in conjunction with the R&D and fabrics departments develop new fabrics, elastics, prints and other embellishments.Fashion designers use these to develop fashion products for the various export market. This has proven to be very useful to the buyers from USA and Europe and many of them are routinely using this facility. 11. Conformity with International Labour & Environmental Standards: Our operations are conducted with awareness for environmental safeguard and we deem it a s our obligation to prevent pollution by complying with relevant environmental legislations. Apex is one of the country’s very first textiles knit composite industries to have its own Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) with a daily capacity of 8 million liters/day.Apex Textile complex fully trea ts all factory effluent before releasing into the environment. All the factories within the complex are fully compliant with and or certified by; WRAP certified OEKO-TEX Standard 100 OE (Organic Exchange Certificate) GSV / CTPAT approved Fare Trade ISO 9000 2001 SEDEX Code of Conduct required by major retail stores of the world, e. g. , H&M, Maidenform, Hanes Brands Inc, Vanity Fair, JC Penney, Target, Lindex, Sear-Kmart, Fruit of the loom, Walmart, The Children Place etcWe follow ethical employment practices and adhere to applicable state, National and International laws on labor employment. We provide a clean, safe and healthy environment, adopt fair labor practices, reward them with wages without any discrimination and we do not interfere in their freedom of association and personal    Page 16 of Profile of the Textile Complex of Apex  Holdings   freedom. In addition, we have the Child care center accommodate with 90 children providing food, nursing etc. 12. Buyers of Apex Textile Complex: Our buyers of Knitwear are; H&M, Zara, The Morrison, Oshkosh/Caters, Sainsbury, V a n i t y F a i r .Children Place, O’stin, Buyers of Bra are : Maidenform, H&M, George UK, Vanity Fair, Matalan, Hunkemoller, Charlott, Sears, Next, JC Penney, Kohls, Target, Lindex, Kappahl . Buyers of Underwear are : H&M, George UK, Lindex, Kappahl, DB Apparels, Hema, Next, Pi erre Cardin , 2xist. 13. Delivery time and other Commercial issues Typically an order can be made ready for shipment in 30-90 days depending on approvals of the buyer. Prior to the confirmation of an order, order details and buyer’s desired delivery dates are sent to the PPIC (Production Planning and Inventory Control) department.Upon receiving the export Letter of Credit or Contract, Apex’s merchandizing and commercial department issues purchase orders for the required raw materials. After supplier confirmation of shipment date(s), PPIC department confirms production plans. The pro duction management team, PPIC department, and QAD coordinate the production and the commercial department oversees the export and documentation. 14. How to execute a new order To start business with any of the factories of Apex Textile Complex, you or your representative can visit our factory to see our production facilities, products and compliance issues, or have the factory audited.In addition, you can send us any of the following along with the sizes & colors you want and target date(s) for the shipment(s). A sample of the item(s) you want. OR A sketch of the item(s) you want with complete measurement chart. OR You can ask us to send you samples from our own collections Our merchandizing department will give you our costing(s) and send counter sample(s) as soon as possible with and options of shipment dates. Page 17 of