Art History paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art History paper - Essay Example 45). Hans Holbein is among the most accomplished and also innovative painters in the history. His portraits are recognized instantly due to his creativity. Hans Holbein had a renaissance mind and vision. The portraits he painted got made with much skills and imagination. Due to his modest attitude, the painter made pictures that were of high value. The paintings he made spoke for themselves. Hans Holbein made three paintings of a scholar Erasmus of Rotterdam, whose advice was sought by many. The painting of Erasmus of Rotterdam got done in profile. It was contrary to his usual work of having the paintings in full face (Wolf et al. 46). The main idea of presenting the painting in profile was to show the intellectual independence that he possessed. A person who gets painted in full reveals him or herself and must pose in a way that reveals a favorable light. However, a person who gets painted in profile allows the model to assume the artist. In the portrait of Erasmus, the turning away is revealed by the intense intellectual concentration of the scholar. It is explained by the facial expression and also the writing hand. The sharp features shown indicate a critical mind, the sensitivity in his hands and also indecision (Wolf et al. 49). The characteristics in the portrait are made to describe the scholar carefully. The attire he was in was of simple style and also costly. It demonstrated the beauty for simplicity and good taste the scholar possessed. The three rings the scholar had in his fingers indicated that he was not vanity free. Holbein got informed on the perspective of a single point in art. The applied the antique motifs as well as the architectural forms. The painting made by Holbein on the dynastic Tudor at the white wall showed that he had prepared towards a large mural. The painting included 25 pieces; each piece was cut and painted on the background (Wolf et al. 50). A painting should get

Teen Suicide Essay Example for Free

Teen Suicide Essay Over the last 15 years teen suicide has significantly increased in the United States due to cyber bullying. Teen suicide in the United States has been relatively high in the 15 to 24 age group with 4,000 suicides since 2004. Teen suicide is the 3 leading cause of death in the United States. Teenagers tend to commit suicide after large changes, significant losses, or abuse has occurred in their lives. An important change in a relationship, bulling in school or cyber , body image may contribute to a teenagers tendency to commit suicide. The death of a loved one, the loss of a valued relationship, and the loss of self-esteem are some significant losses, which might be a factor in teen suicidePerceived abuse such as physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, social abuse or neglect can lead to suicide. Suicide can also be lead on by severe depression, getting peer pressured to do something, and even schizophrenia. The following paraghphs will explain teen suicide. A close investigation of teen suicide in the United States will make it clear the reasons why teen suicide occurs at a time when all teen suicide are preventable. Our nations has increased stress on teen and their families. There is now exteme violence amongs teenagers, severe depression,drug,alcohol,teen pregnancy and its obvious that the youth and teens are growing up with hidden anger and self-destructive impasses (Buliding a Better Self Image). Teen suicide in the United States had been relatively high in the fifteen to twenty-four age group with four-thousand suicides since 2004. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death in the Unitied States. Federal statistics say the surge in suicide among the nations youths is fueled by exceptional increase in such deaths in certain populations. The suicide rate among 10-To-14-year olds have doubles in the past few decades. African American teenagers are now more than twice as likely to kill themselves as they were just 20 years old. It has been found that nearly 700,000 American high school students annually who attempted to kill themselves and millions that are contemplating on doing it ( Many Factors Contribute to Teen Suicide ). Approximately 10 percent of high school students suffer from depression. For many teens the mental pain of depression is so overwhelming that they believe the only way to except it is to commit suicide. One out of every ten high school students can be diagnosed with depression. Many professionals, friends, family down play or over look the signs of depression and they dont realize it till its too late. The mental pain of depression is all-consuming and its impossible to take any type of pleasure in anything you do , youre not satisfied with your life and everything becomes unimportant. They become isolated and think that that are worthless and just a waste of space. They start to become antisocial or have deliquent behavior or may become very hostile to the people that are close to them. That makes life seem the only way to get away from the mental pain of depression is suicide. When there are talks about suicidal gestures a lot of people think of it as someone trying to seek attention, but really they are asking for help and for someo e to hear their story. Some suicidal gestures are self-harming,taking a nonleathal number of pills, or every waving a firearms around in front of people. Teens that do this are waving red flags, in a way as suck it shows that the teen is not ready to die yet its just simply a cry for help. Amy substantial catastrophe that can be related to depression regardless of how it may manifest should be viewed as a statement about the life of a teen or anyone. All the stress that this person is going through or societys response to their behavior. American Acadamy of Pediatrics national conference in New Orleans Found a clear relationship between cyber bulling and suicide. In the study , researchers collected data about youth suicide from the Internet , including information about the demorgraphics of the individuals involved. Of the 41sucide cases they identified , researchers found that 78 percent of the people involved had been victims of bullying at school and online. Less than 20 percent were targeted solely online. The study concludes that cyber bullying is only one of many issues involved in youth suicide. One of the reasons that social media has been getting so much attention in recent weeks is that it can make it much easier to engage in bullying behavior and more difficult for young people to escape or avoid the abuse Tragic deaths have brawn public attention to the problem of cyber bulling. On October 17,2006, In dardenne prairie, Missouri, 13 year old Megan Meier hanged herself after receiving cruel mssages from a boy she befriended on a social network. In reality the messages where a hoax and came from Lori Drew. The mother of a friend of Megan. On September 22,2010, Tyler Clementi, an 18 year old freshman at Rutgers University , jumped to his death off the George Washington Bridge after his roommate , Dharun Ravi and a fellow dorm mate , Molly We, used a hidden webcam transmit images of Clementi having a gay encounter. On January 13,2010, 15 year old Phoebe Prince , who had recently moved to south Hadley, Massachusetts, from Ireland, hanged herself after high school classmates harasses her Facebook, in text messages , and at school calling her an Irosh whore and Irish slut . Experts have found strong links between bulling and suicide. Bullying victims are nearly twice as likely to have attempted suicide compared to those who were not bulling victims. However, they caution, it is unlikely that experience with cyber bullying by its self leads to youth suicide. Rather it tends to exacerbate instability and hopelessness in the minds of adolescent already struggling with stressful life circumstances. In a slate article, What Really Happened to Phoebe Prince? journalist Emily Bazelon claims , The whole story is a lot more complicated that anyone has publicly allowed for. The events led to Phoeboes death show how hard it is for kids, parents,and schools to cope with bullying, especially when the victim is psychological vulnerable . ( Introduction to Cyber Bullying : At Issue page1 ) The study found that bullying was only one risk factors for suicidal thoughts. Young people who have been sexually assaulted in the past year were 3. 4 times more likely to have suicidal ideation , while those who expericenced maltreatment by a parent or caregiver were 4. 4 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts

The Cult of True Womanhood and The Yellow Wallpaper :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Cult of True Womanhood and The Yellow Wallpaper Prior to the twentieth century, men assigned and defined women’s roles.   Although all women were effected by men determining women’s behavior, largely middle class women suffered.   Men perpetrated an ideological prison that subjected and silenced women.   This ideology, called the Cult of True Womanhood, legitimized the victimization of women.   The Cult of Domesticity and the Cult of Purity were the central tenets of the Cult of True Womanhood. Laboring under the seeming benevolence of the Cult of Domesticity, women were imprisoned in the home or private sphere, a servant tending to the needs of the family.   Furthermore, the Cult of Purity obliged women to remain virtuous and pure even in marriage, with their comportment continuing to be one of modesty. Religious piety and submission were beliefs that were more peripheral components of the ideology, yet both were borne of and a part of the ideology of True Womanhood. These were the means that men used to i nsure the passivity and docility of women.   Religion would pacify any desires that could cause a deviation from these set standards, while submission implied a vulnerability and dependence on the patriarchal head (Welter 373-377). The medical profession’s godlike attitude in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† demonstrates this arrogance.   The Rest cure that Dr. Weir Mitchell prescribed, which is mentioned in Gilman’s work, reflects men’s disparaging attitudes.   His Rest cure calls for complete rest, coerced feeding and isolation.   Mitchell, a neurosurgeon specializing in women’s nervous ailments, expounded upon his belief for women’s nervous conditions when he said, American woman is, to speak plainly, too often physically unfit for her duties as woman, and is perhaps of all civilized females the least qualified to undertake those weightier tasks which tax so heavily the nervous system of man.   She is not fairly up to what nature asks from her as wife and mother. How will she sustain herself under the pressure of those yet more exacting duties which nowadays she is eager to share with the man? (Mitchell 141) On the other hand, the male sector of society enjoyed mobility.   Men reaped benefits from not only the private domain, but they were also free to leave and enter the public sphere.  Ã‚   They received nurturing from women in the private arena.   The public sphere was where men enjoyed the competition engendered in the market place through which they gained their identity.

Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement

Essay What is Mr Golspie’s role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg & Dersingham company in the Angel pavement for the first time it present  a sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg & Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous; the firm is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff.The salary is extremely low and there is no hope for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg & Dersingham don't have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg ; Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to go  to some rather expensive places of entertainment, o thers like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr.Golspie's arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters’ lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to control the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality.He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a ne w viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspie's courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspie's daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this romantic period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable.He doesn't come to the arranged meeting wi th Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspie's role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But still if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement Essay What is Mr Golspie’s role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg & Dersingham company in the Angel pavement for the first time it present  a sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg & Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous; the firm is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff.The salary is extremely low and there is no hope for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg & Dersingham don't have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg ; Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to go  to some rather expensive places of entertainment, o thers like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr.Golspie's arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters’ lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to control the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality.He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a ne w viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspie's courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspie's daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this romantic period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable.He doesn't come to the arranged meeting wi th Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspie's role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But still if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie

Should Public High School Students Have Access to “The Kite Runner”‘s Content

Should Public High School students have access to â€Å"The Kite Runner†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs content? Khaled Hosseni’s famous novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner† is one of the most popular books of the decade. It is #1 New York Bestseller with sold more than 10 million copies. Even though the book has immense popularity, the book is banned in several countries including Afghanistan, Hosseni’s mother land because of its sexual orientation and the use of vulgar language. The government believes the novel will outrage the Afghan community and may lead to chaotic situation.Even though some advocates of banning the novel for education curriculum may argue that, the book contains rapes in graphic detail, the use of vulgar language, offensive language and ethnic tensions, these romantic critics are too dogmatic in their provincial ideology. Hosseni’s novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner† shouldn’t be banned from high school students because of its teaching about loyal ty, forgiveness, sacrifice and also provides an insight of real world alongside its immense popularity.Khaled Hosseni’s best-seller book, â€Å"The Kite Runner† shouldn’t be banned from high school curriculum. The book demonstrates different incidents which provide important lessons for the reader through its quotes. For example, when Amir talked about sin, Baba said, â€Å"No matter what the mullah teaches, there is only one sin, only one. And that is theft† (Hosseni, 17). Baba believed stealing is the only sin a person can commit; other crimes are just different form of crime.This demonstrates the discouragement of vice, exists in the novel, which has great impact on reader’s mind. Additionally, the book provides a depth insight of the real world. It demonstrates the depravity of the war, the importance of kinship and also encourages people to stand up for the truth and demolish the false. So that’s why the book shouldn’t be banned. On the other hand, the opponents of the idea argue to deny the access of book to public high school students for various reasons. The book contains a sodomy rape scene in graphic detail which is arguably inappropriate for high school students. †(Green, Tracy. It’s Banned Book of the Week? Why Kite Runner? www. authorexposure. com . Sept 30, 2009. Web. April 13, 2013. http://www. authorexposure. com/2009/09/its-banned-book-week-why-kite-runner. html) As Assef tries to teach Hassan a lesson, â€Å"Assef knelt behind Hassan, put his hand on Hassan’s hips and lifted his bare buttocks. He kept one hand on Hassan’s back and undid his own belt buckle with his free hand. He unzipped

Gas vs electric essays

Gas vs electric essays The Greatest Challenge Facing the World Today Problems tend to exist no matter what part of the world you explore. As each day goes by many new problems arise involving people of all nationalities. There is never one distinct complication among the many presently introduced that needs attention. Yet there are problems that do deserve immediate action. One of these major dilemmas would be the gasoline price. People experiencing these prices are being forced to pay enormous amounts of hard earned money while traveling to and from necessary destinations. This income could be used for more important aspects in life such as personal expenses. Commercial organizations are highly affected by the increasing prices. For example, farmers have to spend more money to pay for the gasoline in their tractors. This can eventually lead to the corruption of this agricultural industry. The outrageous gasoline costs are one of the many challenges affecting the world today. It is no secret that the automobile has become an important aspect of everyday life. It makes travel much easier due to the fact that the destination point will be reached in a substantial amount of time. As the years have gone by the cars we purchase have escalated in price. The cause of this is due to the advanced equipment, which is now placed in these vehicles. Not only is there a high price being paid for the vehicle, but there are also the outrageous gasoline expenses along with this initial payment. With both the gasoline and automobile price increasing there are complications that arise. A large percent of the population may not have the option to invest their money into such a costly expense. If the work forces of America do not have transportation to their jobs, then an extreme crisis could evolve. It would be a disgrace for this nation to fall due to overpriced gasoline. It has been stated that pollution is the reason for the high gasoline c ...

RadioReport

RadioReport The radio station i have choose to do for my in depth study of a radio station would be 102.7 WXYV. Before this hit radio station became B102.7 in 1997, they were known as V-103 and had a urban contemporary hits format. In the later part of the seventies V-103 played Disco type music and in the early seventies before it was know as B102.7 or V-103 it was WCAO-FM and they played classical music.B102.7 is owned by Infinity Broadcasting Company, Which is part of Viacom.Viacom also owns stations such as CBS, MTV, VH1, Paramounts studios and theme parks, Showtime, Blockbuster video and many other entertainment companies. WXYV is managed by Bill Hooper and he is the vice President and General Manager. Bill Pasha who is the vice president of programming. Both of these managers are very capable broadcasters. Since B102.7's owner Infinity owns so many stations they have many stations such as Mix 106.5,WQSR

Use Is_String to Check if a Variable Is a String in PHP

Use Is_String to Check if a Variable Is a String in PHP The is_string() PHP function is used to check if a type of variable is a  string. A string is a data type, such as floating point or integer, but it represents text rather than numbers. A string uses a set of characters that includes spaces and numbers. For instance, an address such as 1234 Broadway and the sentence I ate 3 hotdogs contain numbers that should be treated as text, not as numbers. How to Use the Function Is_string is used within an if () statement to treat strings in one way and non-strings in another. It returns true or false. For example: ?php if (is_string(23)) {echo Yes;} else {echo No;}? The code above should output No because 23 is not a string. Lets try this again: ?php if (is_string(Hello World)) {echo Yes;} else {echo No;}? Since Hello World is a string, this would echo Yes. Specifying a String A string can be specified in four ways: Single quotedDouble quoted  Heredoc syntaxNowdoc Syntax Each of these methods requires strict adherence  to PHP rules, which are available at the PHP website. The simplest method, single-quoted strings, requires special treatment when literal single quotation marks or literal backslashes appear in the string. Include a backslash in front of the single quotation mark or backslash within the string. The example below illustrates this treatment: ?php//  Outputs:  Arnold said:  Ill  be  backecho  Arnold said:  I\ll  be  back;//  Outputs:  I  deleted  C:\*.*?echo  I  deleted  C:\\*.*?;? Similar Functions is_float() – determines if the type of variable is floatis_int() – determines if the type of variable is integeris_bool() – determines if a variable is a booleanis_object() – determines if a variable is an objectis_array() – determines if a variable is an array

CRJS300 U2IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CRJS300 U2IP - Research Paper Example In fact, counting the number of police agencies in the United States is a difficult task because there are many; ranging from local, municipal and metropolitan police departments, county law enforcement, tribal law enforcement, campus law enforcement, state law enforcement, and federal law enforcement. These all have different jurisdictions and functions. At the first glance, one would claim that a single national police force is good because of the possibility of improvement in uniformity and continuity, better deployment of personnel, better coordination of various services, reduced costs, and better training. A closer look at the issue will reveal that creating a single national police force is an inevitable strategy, taking into account the changing nature of crimes. The first issue that necessitates the unification of agencies is the changing nature of crimes. A perfect example is cybercrime, which crosses national and state borders. Similar is the case of both domestic and international terrorism and narcotics trafficking. This situation is admitted by Finklea in the CRS Report for Congress, â€Å"Organized Crime in the United States: Trends and Issues for Congress† dated 22 December 2010. The paper admits the increasingly transnational nature of crime and expresses concern over a possible nexus between organized crime and terrorism. Thus, it is clear that the nature of crimes has changed. As Tully (2002) points out, issues like domestic and international terrorism and narcotics trafficking are not within the scope and resources of the small police departments, and equipping each small department with these resources is a highly expensive and hence impossible strategy. Therefore, a consolidation of the police forces will offer better se rvices at reduced costs in handling crimes like terrorism, drug trafficking, and such other cross-border crimes. In the opinion of

Take home exam 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take home exam 1 - Assignment Example As we hear those patterns repeatedly, they become strengthened in our mind thus being able to learn the language. The model is exemplar-based pointing out that it’s the examples in what we hear that form the backbone of patterns that we extract. Learning is an instance of study and not induction of rules. Connectionism includes different network constructions which include parallel distributed processing. Parallel distributed processing network includes nodes with pathways that strengthen with use. The more we use a particular pathway, the more it becomes strong and vice-versa. Larsen Freeman suggests that the rate at which something happens is a major factor in learning a new language a claim supported by N.Ellis and Schmidt (Gass & Selinker, 2008, p. 220). Also, the easy with which one learns the second language depends on how strongly the network of the native language is established. In an experiment performed by Sokolik and Smith (1992) on learning of noun gender in French, it was concluded that the easy which one could learn depended on age with young people learning more easily. From this, it’s important to note that the network of the native is not as strong in younger people which enhances learning of the L2. Similarly, Stephen Krashen developed five hypotheses that helped to understand the learning of the second language: The Acquisition- learning hypothesis, Monitor hypothesis, Natural Order hypothesis, the Input hypothesis and the Affective Filter hypothesis. In the Acquisition-learning hypothesis, he suggests two ways of developing one’s language; by acquisition which entails taking in of knowledge subconsciously and storing it in the brain and by learning a language which takes the form of instructing the language in a formal setting as in a classroom. According to this assessment, the best way to learn a language is through natural communication. In addition, monitor hypothesis seeks to correct errors in utterances. Krashen

Chronicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chronicity - Essay Example They are more likely to be trusted by patients because of their community and family-centered approach to care. Finally, I have learned from my readings that the current progress and gains made in medicine are a product of history, and that the past and traditional methods of medicine still have a place in contemporary practice when taken in their proper context and in caring for chronically ill patients. Life-limiting illnesses have a significant impact on patient, family, and the health system. On the patient, it can decrease his productivity, limit his activities of daily living, limit his mobility, and cause him feelings of depression. Among the family, it can cause them mental health issues like depression; it can also limit their own activities in terms of their employment and social life. It can also financially burden them. As for the health care system, life-limiting illnesses can also cause a huge financial burden on the government with more claims on Medicare and Medicaid. It can also limit the productivity of the government due to reduced productivity of workers. The above discussion implies how important it is for the government to establish a chronic care program which can address the health needs of these patients and minimize the impact of these life-limiting diseases on the patients, their families, and on the health system as a

The topic is to discuss developing a case study to analyze and solve Assignment

The topic is to discuss developing a case study to analyze and solve - Assignment Example According to Herzlinger (2006) strong nursing leadership, integrated with a transformational style of leadership would be most effective in overseeing the successful realization of new procedures such as electronic documentation systems in the merged organization (Amerson, 2011). The procedures conducted in nursing homes are usually conducted by nurses. This means that the nurses are in the best position to support urgency for implementing the changes needed while also communicating the vision of change to other medical workers. Nurses can also easily empower each others’ initiatives to support the change while also revising the new merged organization's internal culture so as to create new traditions. Overseeing the Installation of a new Documentation System During transitional phases during which important changes are occurring due to mergers, it might be necessary to employ additional workers who are tasked with helping with implementation challenges. This is especially imp ortant if either of the nursing homes are short-staffed. Even in case the nursing home is fully staffed, it might be necessary for additional staff to be hired so that the nurses have a chance to focus on learning the new methods of operation and adapt to them. This will require time as well as energy. The nurses from the different nursing homes may also require additional time in which to test the efficiency of new operational methods. Since each nursing home’s former documentation models were different there will be a need to test the most efficient method before implementing it in the merged institution (Walker, 2006). This precedes a combined educational training course conducted for the workers of both nursing homes together. The Importance of Mergers between two Nursing Homes Mergers always result in more profits for the health institutions concerned. Such productivity ensures that the institutions survive in an increasingly competitive economy. At present, many nurses working in nursing homes are forced to work in spite of shrinking reimbursements. To remain productive in an age in which the federal healthcare reforms are likely to result in negative financial consequences, mergers have to be implemented (Large, McLeod, Cunningham and Kitson, 2005). Mergers will be a way for both nursing homes to remain solvent while catering to the main objective- the care of patients. Merging will also result in reduced costs as the two nursing homes will be able to use their unity as leverage when purchasing larger supplies. The new merged institution will be able to ask for volume discounts due to higher usage. In addition, if one of the nursing homes were struggling, renovations made in order to make it possible for both institutions to merge would cause make it more lucrative. Why Merger between the Nursing Homes can be difficult to Implement The process of merging, though, is not easily accomplished. There are difficulties in deciding on the operations to streamline, as well as the different methods of documentation used by both nursing homes. When the workers of one nursing home are not well acquainted with their prospective partners, there may be discomfort between the staff of both homes. There may also be changes in leadership that confuse the staff or make them apprehensive about

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder - Essay Example Patients’ successful coping with treatment and medication can change the course of depression (Lam et al, 2000). Bipolar disorder consists of several symptoms, some of them being prodromal or predicting the onset of an attack. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the symptoms of bipolar disorder based on research. Hence, three empirical research articles from peer-reviewed scientific journals will be summarized, and an overview of the research findings from all three studies will be detailed. The distinctive features of bipolar disorder have been determined from earlier research studies. Some reverse neurovegetative symptoms such as hypersomnia or excessive sleeping, hyperphagia or overeating; melancholic symptoms; suicide risk during the depressed phase; irritability, anger, overactivity and psychosis are associated with bipolar depression. The clinical predictors of the disease are early onset of symptoms, bipolar family history, and hypersomina (Perlis et al, 2006). Relapses are likely to occur after long distance traveling when undergoing a jet lag, or from disorder and deviation in the pattern of daily routine (Lam et al, 2000). The main recommendations put forth by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2000) for cognitive therapy are the early detection and treatment of prodromal symptoms, the maintenance of regular social interactions and sleep routines (Lam et al, 2000). Research investigations focusing on the symptoms of bipolar disorder are crucial for developing preventive interventions as well as optimally effective therapies for the mental illness. This empirical research was conducted by Simon et al (2008). The authors studied the phenomenon of mood symptoms in people with bipolar disorder, and evaluated how the symptoms related to work productivity. This is a significant topic for research because bipolar disorder being a major cause of disability leads to increased likelihood for loss of

Solid modeling Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Solid modeling - Research Paper Example The invention of the technique of solid modeling gives room for the mechanization of many complicated engineering calculations that are performed in the design process. The historical progress of solid modeling is seen in the perspective of the entire history of computer-aided design. The major milestone of this progress was the development of the system of research known as BUILD, and the commercial supplement of the system, known as Romulus (Siu and Tan 41) This system influenced the development of ACIS, Parasolid, and later solid modeling system. One of the very first developers of computer aided design ASCON, started the internal improvement of its individual solid modeler back in 1990’s (Siu and Tan 42). In 2012, the scientific division of the ASCON turned into a separate corporation and was called C3D labs (Siu and Tan 42). It was given the duty of creating the C3D modeling system as a separate product. Other significant contributions originated from Mà ¤ntylà ¤, particularly his GWB, as well as from GPM project that brought about hybrid modeling systems in the early 1980’s (Siu and Tan 43). It was during this time that the pr ogramming concept of solid modeling known as PLaSM was invented at Rome University. The discovery of 3D CAD/CAM, however, is attributed to Pierre Bezier, a French engineer (Siu and Tan 44). In the period between 1967 and 1968, he came up with UNISURF after his mathematical study about surfaces. This invention was meant to ease the process of designing tools and parts of the automotive engineering. Later, UNISURF developed into the working foundation for the subsequent generation of computer-aided design software. Another influential happening in the development of solid modeling was the establishment of Manufacturing and Consulting Services in 1971 (Li et al. 23). Dr. Hanratty founded this MCS. As computers progressively became more affordable, there has been a gradual expansion of the application areas. The development of

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder - Essay Example Patients’ successful coping with treatment and medication can change the course of depression (Lam et al, 2000). Bipolar disorder consists of several symptoms, some of them being prodromal or predicting the onset of an attack. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the symptoms of bipolar disorder based on research. Hence, three empirical research articles from peer-reviewed scientific journals will be summarized, and an overview of the research findings from all three studies will be detailed. The distinctive features of bipolar disorder have been determined from earlier research studies. Some reverse neurovegetative symptoms such as hypersomnia or excessive sleeping, hyperphagia or overeating; melancholic symptoms; suicide risk during the depressed phase; irritability, anger, overactivity and psychosis are associated with bipolar depression. The clinical predictors of the disease are early onset of symptoms, bipolar family history, and hypersomina (Perlis et al, 2006). Relapses are likely to occur after long distance traveling when undergoing a jet lag, or from disorder and deviation in the pattern of daily routine (Lam et al, 2000). The main recommendations put forth by the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2000) for cognitive therapy are the early detection and treatment of prodromal symptoms, the maintenance of regular social interactions and sleep routines (Lam et al, 2000). Research investigations focusing on the symptoms of bipolar disorder are crucial for developing preventive interventions as well as optimally effective therapies for the mental illness. This empirical research was conducted by Simon et al (2008). The authors studied the phenomenon of mood symptoms in people with bipolar disorder, and evaluated how the symptoms related to work productivity. This is a significant topic for research because bipolar disorder being a major cause of disability leads to increased likelihood for loss of

Reflective learning report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective learning report - Essay Example I also ensured that I led the accounting department as a team. Team work certainly helped us since; we could generate ideas more quickly and also come up with solutions to various problems faced in the course of work. This had a lot of impact on the people I was working with since; they also learnt to be hard working and relate well with their colleagues. The impact on the outcome of work was also positive since, through my department, the organization made investments that were successful and profitable. The learning model that was hugely beneficial in my work is the experimental psychology model (Knowles, 2012, 9). I had drawn down the model and purposed to follow it step by step in order to achieve my desired objectives. I was self-motivated and was also motivated by the goals and objectives that I had set for myself and the company. My fellow colleagues also motivated me to work harder in order to achieve the set goals. My perception also profoundly affected my way of work since; at times I perceived things different from the rest of the employees and thus ended up making mistakes. I also purposed to acquire all the necessary skills for my work in order to achieve my set goals. I then assessed my performance through analyzing the improvements of the company. This way, I would know that I had made an impact on the workplace and other people too. Substantive Topic Applied: Team Work Team and group work immensely assisted in the success of work at Vital Company. This is because; with the accounts of the company being so vast, we had to divide ourselves into different groups in order to meet the time limit of preparing the financial statements. Members decided to form groups consisting of ten members each in order to accommodate all the members. Each group had a leader to coordinate it and a secretary to take notes. Each group would then set its own goals which it wanted to achieve at the end of the financial period. However, all groups agreed to be meeting at the same time in order to ensure that each group met. After a certain period, each group analyzed its performance and development through analyzing its forming, storming, norming and performing areas (Belbin, 2012, 65). Team work also assisted in the success of the company since; there was a better decision making, and coverage of large quantity of work within a short period (Maddux & Wingfield, 2003, 11). Cooperation among the group members also promoted colleague relations thus, leading to high quality work. My punctuality and social skills also increased and I learnt how to present ideas to a multitude of people. I also learnt on how to handle disagreements among a large group of people. There was also effective problem solving in the groups. Team work also made the performance feedback more meaningful because; everyone understood what was expected and could monitor the performance against the expectations. In addition, group discussions encouraged members to test their abilities and try out new ideas. This stimulated individuals to become stronger performers. In the future, one thing that I would change is the way of handling conflicts in the groups; I would ensure that conflict resolution is done by the members themselves and not by the leaders or some of the members (Cohen & Bailey, 1997, 249). I would also ensure that there is the sense of commitment in groups such

Overture to “William Tell” by Gioachino Rossini Essay Example for Free

Overture to â€Å"William Tell† by Gioachino Rossini Essay 1. Date: 2-3-13 2. Place: Pope Joy Hall 3. Name of ensemble(s) performing: Albuquerque Youth Symphony included string ensembles of the Violin, Viola, Cello, String Bass, and. The Woodwinds Ensemble included the Flute-Piccolo, Oboe, Clarinet, Bassoon; Brass Ensemble included the French horn, Trumpet, Trombone, and the Tuba. As well as the Percussion ensemble. As well as a Keyboard ensemble the Harp 3. Describe the concert venue and where you sat (i.e.: balcony): I took my twelve-year-old stepdaughter with me and we stood out side for about five minutes waiting in line to purchase tickets. Upon entering Pope Joy Hall, we were greeted by an information booth that was filled with flyers and pamphlets and programs to all different venues of art, from orchestras to plays. Lindsey asked me wide eyed; do all these things mean that this is what is showing or playing here? I looked at her and smiled and replied, yes this is Pope Joy Hall, UNM Center for the Arts and they have a variety of things going on all the time. We grabbed some information on what we would like to come and see and headed to the first theater on the left. We walked up to the entrance doors to the theater and were greeted by two very friendly greeters, who handed us our programs. Then, we entered the double doors and were greeted by an eager usher who politely guided us through hand and arm gestures to go down the left isle. Therefore, Lindsey and I sat together in the lower level on the left side middle end row seats. Once seated, I realized that this theater is set up like a small sized concert hall that would typically be set up for an indoor classical music venue. It was very nice and cozy every one was dressed casual to semi-formal and Lindsey was in awe, she had never experienced anything like this before. 4. Were there any spoken remarks about the concert? Yes? No?: Yes If yes, describe generally, what was said: They started with announcements by that first welcomed everyone to the Albuquerque Youth Symphony, and to state that they are audio and video recording the event and we can if we haven’t already signed up for a copy, we can still do so out side the double doors during intermission or after the concert. Then they went over the program pointing out the fundraiser and the new solar panels that are going to be installed in the near future. Thirdly, they made an announcement about a very special Concertos’ Cellist Kayla Mathes, and announced that she was chosen to be a part of the National Youth Orchestra, in New York this summer and touring to Moscow and London with the group. Lastly, they went over the sponsors and then introduced the symphony. 5. Which genres of music were performed? i.e.: symphony, concerto etc.: The Albuquerque Youth Symphony performed an Overture to â€Å"William Tell† by Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868), Triumphal March from â€Å"Aida† by Guiseppe Verdi (1813-1901), Prelude and Liebestod from â€Å"Tristan and Isolde† by Richard Wagner (1813-1883) as well as the Concerto for Violoncello and orchestra in E minor by Edward Elgar (1857-1934). 6. Were any of the works programmatic (music with literary or pictorial? Associations)? Yes No: Yes. If yes, which compositions were programmatic? : Overture to â€Å"William Tell† by Gioachino Rossini a beautifully written piece of music especially of considerable size and complexity. As well as, the Concerto for Violoncello and orchestra in E minor by Edward Elgar, which was filled with raw emotion. 7. Choose two complete works from the program and fill in the blanks: Composition #1: Name of Composer: Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868) Composition Title: Overture to â€Å"William Tell† Movements/ Tempo markings, if through-written, just leave blank: I. III. II. IV. Historical Era of Work: Rossinis’ Overture to â€Å"William Tell† is a mixture of baroque from (1600-1750) classical from (1750-1820) and romantic from (1820-1900). Choose from: Medieval pre-1450, Renaissance – 1450-1600, Baroque 1600-1750, Classical 1750 – 1820, Romantic 1820 – 1900, 20th Century 1901 – 2000, 21st Century 2001 Present Name any solo voice or featured instruments: None Composition #2: Name of Composer: Edward Elgar (1857-1934). Composition Title: Concerto for Violoncello and orchestra in E minor. Movements/ Tempo markings, if through-written, just leave blank: I. III. II. IV. Allegro Historical Era of Work (see description above): Romantic from 1820-1900 and 20th Century from 1901-2000. Name any featured (solo) instruments or vocalists: Kala Mathes solo Cellist. In the space below legibly write a brief narrative summarizing the two pieces listed above. If you prefer, you may attach a typed summary to this page. Choose among these items to discuss: Describe mode, meter, tempo, dynamics, texture. Was the music more consonant or dissonant? Did it have frequent accents, syncopation or modulation? Did the melodies move more in conjunct or disjunct motion? Was there a voice or instrument timbre that affected you emotionally? Rossini’s overture starts with a dawdling introduction and spry melodies invariably leads to an immense crescendo passage, in which Rossini replicates a motif several times, adding instruments and volume with each repetition. Then out of the stillness, a single cello rises sorrowfully from a low E along an arpeggiated cord through an E-minor chord to a high B, 2 ½ octaves higher, while the other cellos lend their harmony in E-minor. Slowly the first cello leads us toward a brighter atmosphere of E-major. Then adds a few pizzicato beats to lend influence and a fragile yet graceful rhythmic emphasis. While adding an overlap of a new, whirling motif by the violas and second violins, as they ask the question and it is answered with three detached chords from the piccolo, flute and oboes. As the tempo hastens the storm begins. I can hear and see the fickleness of falling rain in my mind and through syncopating the raindrops, it drops off the driving beat of the pizzicato double basses. I can feel the harmony as it darkens, mystifying, drawing me back to the ever so moody E-minor. With a monumental arrival of gestures from the violins and woodwinds, the storm unleashes its wrath over rolling the timpani’s, pounding bass drum and a fortissimo piece from the brass chords. Then the descending motif asks in a desolate torrent, that is answered by an equally and majestically ascending motif of the double basses, bassoons and trombones. The climax of cymbals cascading among the whirlwind motif of the flute, piccolo and violins leads into a beautiful breath taking G-major. This then overlaps with the trumpets blaring in E-major with the joining of horns and drums that hold on to a resonant B-major chord that resounded into a galloping anapestic rhythm. This unleashes the contrasting middle section in C-sharp minor that is dominated by a presto line for the strings and woodwinds. Then we find ourselves back to a galloping anapestic measure in E-major that again builds the excitement into the release of the finale. When the hair on my arms were raised, eyes were tear filled, knowing the story behind the music, the life of two brothers who never knew each other, met only once. As one bows down to the other in realization that the other is worthy of praise, honor and recognition, then honors him with an inspiring piece that succeeds to top the ending in triumph. Edward Elgars’ Concerto for Violoncello and orchestra in E minor was alive as it unfolded as an enthusiastically structured, requiem-like a constant outpouring of deep undiluted emotions. The opening of this piece begins with a characteristic of decently and nobly designing the score, is a flourish for the soloist Kala Mathes, and recurs throughout the concerto. The unmistakable main melody-at once was reflective, inspirational, beautiful, and transcendent emerged almost immediately with the violas, before Kala began to play the Cello. Throughout the piece of the movement the theme winds its way through various keys, A, C, G and E minor, while the secondary thematic notes emerge from the clarinets. Then Kalas’ opening flourished as it transformed into a pizzicato passage that appeared in staccato semiquavers. Then in the key of b flat, the Adagio seemed to make time stand still as the beautiful melodious musical lines sang its music of undeniable heartbreak. The symphony at this point was reduced to strings, clarinets, bassoons, and horns as Kala weaved in and out of the symphony fabric in an ever so eloquent song without words, this is where I had goose bumps all over, tears rolling down my face, the power and emotions were overwhelming, for even Lindsey was even crying. The finale nestled back into E minor and had a rondo-like feel to its main theme that echoed the opening. However, nothing could hide the fact that the core of the concerto as a whole is a disposition of acceptance, forbearance and finality. The Albuquerque Youth Symphony played with such passion; it was as if each person and their instrument were one moving in perfect harmony, rhyme, rhythm, body, mind, and spirit. One fluid entity or deity that entranced anyone within ear shot. It was beauty and serenity that was tremendously unbelievable.

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The opposite trade binary options strategy covers both trade which resulted in profit and trades which resulted in loss. For this reason, it gives you either the opportunity to earn double profits, or the ability to recover from a loss. The correct setup and timing for execution are everything with this strategy. Master the correct use of when to use opposite trades and you'll have one more tool to utilize for building your profits. The foundation for the opposite trade strategy is to be able to note times when the purchase of a binary options contract which is the direct opposite of one you just purchased is likely to be profitable. Once you've mastered the use of this strategy, you're likely to discover plenty of applications for it as you go about your trading. Although the premise is simple, what you'll really need to pay attention to is how to identify such opportunities. The following are just a few examples that you can be on the lookout for on a regular basis. The best example may be times when a binary options trade has finished with the asset price being close to either i...

Underprotective and Overactive Pain Perception: Problems and Possible Solutions :: Biology Biological Pain Papers

Underprotective and Overactive Pain Perception: Problems and Possible Solutions Pain is probably one of the most universal perceptions that humans, or indeed any animal, can experience. From stress headaches to stubbing one's toe, we come into contact with pain on a daily basis. This is normal data about the experience of pain. However, there are several groups of people that do not feel pain in a common way. Either they don't feel enough pain to tell them that something is wrong, as in the cases of lepers and some diabetics, or they have too much pain, as in the cases of some diabetics, people with phantom limb pain, cancer victims, stroke victims, and other diseases of the brain or spinal cord (Casey, 1996). The effects of pain on these people is in many cases debilitating; their normal lives are likely gone or, at best, on hiatus. These reasons are incentive enough for scientists trying to discover more ways to eradicate wanton pain (or the absence of pain) because there is a threat that many of us, at some point, will be subject to these same problems. The first case of underprotective pain perception that will be discussed is that of leprosy. Leprosy is a bacterial pathogen (M. leprae) that attacks the peripherial nervous system in humans and is the leading cause of peripheral nerve disease in the world. The bacteria attack the Scwann cells that form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers. Without the protection and insulation of the myelin sheath, nerve cells fire inefficiently. The net results of this bacterial infection are skin lesions and damage to the nerves, mainly in the extremities and facial area (Henderson, 1998) . The result of the nerve damage that is pertinant to this topic is the loss of sensation. This lack of feeling complicates normal living: the person with leprosy is not able to identify cuts or burns on his or her skin. Without the protection of normal pain responses, this person could conceivably fail to notice for quite some time that he has been injured and therefore not take further conscious protective measures such as cleaning the cut with alcohol or treating the burn with salve. The effects of this lack of protective sensation are grim: lesions and eventual deformities result from the lack of care given to the body. Although luckily the bacteria can be killed with a month-long course of several drugs, unfortunately the nerve damage is permanent (Henderson, 1998).

Unit 3 Distinction 1 McDonalds

Unit 3 Distinction 1 In this assignment I am going to evaluate the concepts and principles applied to the marketing of products by McDonalds and make recommendations. Marketing Concept strengths and weaknesses. Production Concept: The production concept is the process of making and distributing the products to the business outlets. Some businesses only focus on its production process rather than the distribution process. The whole production concept consists of quality control of the product, testing and measurement of the product.The marketing concepts strengths are that it allows McDonalds to focus on specific four stages. McDonalds are able to justify the stages of its products and the business. It enables McDonalds to understand their product specifications, quality of the product, product volume, product appearance and the consistency of the product. The distribution concept enables McDonalds to distribute its products to different outlets within the world and this increased dem and of certain products. With the production/distribution McDonalds can satisfy customers needs regardless to their demographic segment.This shows that they have met their aims and objectives of and these aims and objectives could have further development in order to remain successful in the fast food industry market. In reality the production concept does not really have an impact on McDonalds business activities because they do not really concentrate as they think it is not necessarily to their sector. The reason that McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because it saves them additional money for distribution which is more effective and has a positive impact on McDonalds business.Selling Concept: This is when a business persuades, informs and encourages customers to purchase their products through aggressive promotion. McDonalds uses the selling concept because customers know about their prices and products, that is because it suits every segment, the pr oducts are affordable. Also the promotion techniques McDonalds use are very effective and this increased demand of a product and a larger customer base, this is because McDonalds has always tries to keep customers interest on a high level. McDonalds use vouchers as part of their promotion, these vouchers are often given on busy days in town.These vouchers last for a long while and this increased the customer base because McDonalds base their selling campaign of its overall brand and lifestyle. McDonalds is already successful selling its products because they make people aware of the quality of their products. Also the menu counters are also part of their promotion and this helps customers to have a clear remembrance of McDonalds products because they are descriptive and eye catching. The menu counters helps to give a feel about the product before it is been purchased. This also makes McDonalds business look more distinctive as well.McDonalds segments its market by using policies of cheap prices and by the characteristics of its products. The selling concept plays an important role of McDonalds business because they use aggressive and rational promotion such as advertising to encourage and persuade consumers to purchase a product from McDonalds. The selling concept combines with the marketing mix and promotional mix because McDonalds adapt the products they offer, the price, the place, where it would sell best, and the type of promotion they would need to gain the specific target audience interest.The selling concept increases the brand awareness of McDonalds. With the selling concept it enables McDonalds to increase its customer base because they use different types of methods of promotion to reach its segment and customers have become more familiar with McDonalds brand. For example at the end of 2003 McDonalds launched a new menu called the Pound Saver menu; the menu represents great value and savings on selected items on the menu. The majority of items cost ? 0. 99.This menu was advertised frequently to refer to the price of the menu; this showed that McDonalds is for anyone regardless to their lifestyle. McDonalds obtained an additional customer base and this had a positive impact on sales. Also McDonalds have sponsored past Olympics and this increased the demand of a product especially the Big Mac, they also gained free publicity and this also increases the customer base. This avoids customers to switch to competitors and this means that they will obtain a healthy and stable profit for the future.In the past year if a customer bought a meal from McDonalds the customer would receive a cup as part of their purchase. This increased the amount of customers they get and it also made McDonalds stand out from its competitors. A unique selling point of products differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they will be more customers visiting the restaurant and this will result to increase of sales. Product concept: This is when a bu siness products is part of their business brand image. The products shape the business and its unique selling point in the market.The product concept allows McDonalds products to be on limited edition to test customer satisfaction, so if customers are not satisfied with the new product McDonalds would simply get rid of the product and it will avoid them from making a loss as well. However the product concept is rarely used at McDonalds because they sell similar products like their competitors, however they always bring in new products to increase its customer base and being ahead of competition in the fast food industry market. For example last 4 years McDonalds launched the deli meal and it consist of 5 types of different burgers.The deli meal became a success to McDonalds business because a lot of customer were satisfied with the additional meal that has been added on to the menu. The deli meal increased the reputation of McDonalds brand because it made them look diverse; this sho ws that McDonalds is capable to differentiating its products from its competitors by introducing products that have a unique selling point in order to increase sales and customer base. Marketing concept: This is when a business gathers information from its customer, competitors, market environment and the economy.McDonalds benefit from the marketing concept because it moves the target audience to some type of action; this might be to purchase a product from McDonalds, visit McDonalds, or to increase purchases of the products. With the marketing concept it enables McDonalds to distribute its products to the right segment of people. It helps McDonalds to understand its products and innovative of distribution channels. With the marketing concept McDonalds is able to achieve its aims and objectives which consist of meeting needs of their target group, being efficient when it comes to competition and to make a profit.The marketing concept allows McDonalds to widen their marketing strateg ies in order to remain successful in the market. The marketing concept helps McDonalds to understand rising living standards, changes in law with packaging, new food production technique and changes in patterns eating out. The marketing concept justifies whether the number of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. The market concept helps McDonalds to make effective decisions about its business by providing information that can inform one decision making process.The weaknesses of the product concept are that it does not justify consumer needs. It can’t look onto the future of McDonalds products. McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because they are concentrating on other concepts such as the product and marketing concept which has a positive impact on the business and the brand itself. The production concept does not have an impact on McDonalds business. The product concept is about having a unique product which customers will get satisfaction out of eating.However McDonalds competitors offer similar products to attract the same segment of people and this does not make them look very distinctive. If McDonalds don’t promote enough to their target audience especially when they have launched new products, customers would not know anything about the product and this would decrease McDonalds sales as well. The marketing concept is an expensive tool because McDonalds have to employ specialist marketers if they want their marketing research to be effective and reliable. However McDonalds can still afford the costs of the whole marketing concept because they have the money.It can be time consuming as well because some information such as past data could be outdated and some past data are not very reliable or useful for McDonalds. Recommendations Production Concept: In my opinion the production concept is vital to McDonalds business because they would still need to mak e sure that they have the same ingredients to make the products. The most important of all is that the products will still have to look identical and taste the same before the products get distributed to other outlets of McDonalds.This is because if the products of McDonalds have different ingredients and different taste McDonalds would not look distinctive in customers eyes because customers would be complaining about the lack of quality of their products. This could also have a negative impact on the brand image as well. Selling Concept: In my point of view McDonalds should continue to use the selling concept as part of their marketing strategy because it has made McDonalds successful and well established, people know about McDonalds and it is spreading across the globe.The selling concept has increased the product positioning of McDonalds and it also developed customers trust and loyalty of McDonalds brand image. It has increased the market share for McDonalds as well. It also de fined the success or failure of new launched products. Product Concept: McDonalds could introduce multi cultural meals to suit ethnic minorities due to different cultures and tastes. This would make McDonalds brand image more diverse and unique in the market. This will also have a positive impact on McDonalds future profits.Introducing multi cultural meals into McDonalds is a big advantage for them because they will be able to meet every ethnic requirements, this will also increase the number of ethnic people visiting McDonalds. McDonalds could start launching a special family feast which is at aimed at families for example a meal for ? 10 which is enough for a family of four. McDonalds would benefit from this additional meal for a family of four because there will be attracting big families, this would be another target group and this will have a positive impact on future profits.McDonalds could also Marketing Concept: McDonalds marketing concept is already effective and well estab lished because they are still meeting the customers needs and also they always aim to develop their marketing strategies in order to remain successful throughout the years. Marketing Principles strengths and weaknesses Understanding consumer needs: Understanding consumer needs is vital to a business because if a business fails to meet customer demands they will see a decrease in their customer base, and customers will be likely to switch to competitors.It is important for a business to keep up to date with customer demands in order to satisfy them so that customers will keep coming back. Without meeting consumer needs a business would not be able to operate. The marketing principles strengths are that it enables McDonalds to concentrate on its customer needs and they can refer back to the marketing mix in order to meet the needs of its customers. It is an easy process for McDonalds to follow in order to meet its aims and objectives. McDonalds are able to identify specific targets th at may require more attention.It enables McDonalds to know its customers for example the customers of McDonalds are the end users. McDonalds are able to meet customer needs and this has a distinct competitive advantage for McDonalds because people still go in there, it is affordable and it suits every segment taste regardless to their preference, McDonalds is for everyone. The marketing principles makes McDonalds understand the business itself because they know what they are selling; they know the purpose of their business. With the marketing principles McDonalds are able to praise their strengths and weaknesses to its customers.McDonalds know their competitive edge in the fast food market which allows them to plan ahead and creating new strategies in order to be ahead of their competitors. McDonalds has already established customer loyalty and this made them very unique in the fast food industry which has lead to a healthy profit throughout the years. McDonalds always manages to id entify the needs of its customers and they always aim to meet the demands of customers and this creates a good relationship with customers.Keeping ahead of competition: Keeping ahead of competition is important in a business environment because competitors will increase their strategies in order to be ahead of competitors. For example Nandos may start delivering products to their customers if their order is over ? 10, this will differentiate them from its competitors and this will the customer base of Nandos. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by having a happy meal with healthier options; the happy meal includes a toy that attracts little children.The happy meal differentiates McDonalds from its competitors and this made them increase its customer base and the effective promotion they used by using Disney movies to distribute the products to little children. McDonalds keep ahead in competition by launching new products into the market so customers don’t get bored of their p roducts, if McDonalds did not invest in new products they would see a decrease in customer base this is because customers would be switching to their competitors and McDonalds would get left behind.McDonalds keep ahead in competition by promoting new products with different methods of promotion such as TV, magazines, newspapers and even on the internet (hotmail). McDonalds also promote long term vouchers to its customers which last about at end of the year; this differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they are the only fast food business who promotes long term vouchers. These long term vouchers are given in busy places to attract more customers. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by using cheap policies of pricing to suit the segment they have targeted.It is effective because McDonalds is able to explore its opportunities in the market. For example if McDonalds is experiencing good growth in the market they would have the ability to develop its breakfast menu to attra ct potential customers who are likely to visit McDonalds before work. This will increase the customer base of McDonalds and customers are not likely to switch to competitors. Keeping ahead in competition enables McDonalds to update its brand by making their outlets look more modern and welcoming.Keeping ahead in competition helps McDonalds to target new markets which may have a positive impact on future profits. McDonalds can also expand their offers in order to attract more customers and this again increases customer base because customers are not likely to switch to competitors. McDonalds can look into the future because McDonalds always plan for growth and to remain successful in the market and they could invest in new technology, following consumer trends in order to satisfy them.Communicating effectively with customers: Communicating effectively with consumers relates to promotion which relates to other elements of the marketing mix. Without promotion a business would not be ab le to sell its products to its customers because there would be no place or price of promotion. Customers would not know anything about the business. Promotion influences customers to visit and purchase products from the business. The product has to be advertised to show its quality, features, packaging and brand name of the business.The price of the product needs to be advertised in order to attract the customers. The place of where the product is being sold needs to be advertised because it shows how distinctive and the business brand looks. Communicating effectively with customers increases demand of a product and this leads to increase in sales. This makes it hard for competitors such as KFC and Burger King to compete with McDonalds and this is why McDonalds is successful because they are always thinking ahead.McDonalds communicate effectively with its customers through promotion and their promotion is very effective because it creates awareness of McDonalds products. McDonalds have already built a reputation under the brand name and it is growing more respectable across the globe. For example with the McDonalds Yorkie McFlurry advert, McDonalds worked with Cadbury and Nestle and they are both leaders in the market. This shows that McDonalds its brand of the confectionary to influence the concept for its McFlurrys. Communicating with customers effectively makes McDonalds business and products look more distinctive.McDonalds are able to compare strategies that may have worked in the past to increase customers attention and getting their marketing more noticed. It strengthens McDonalds competitive position and the brand image itself because they can grow and expand. The marketing principles weaknesses are that McDonalds does not make good use of technology as they may feel like it is not necessarily to their business, however technology can also increase future profits because technology is used very often today by business and this makes them more successfu l and competitive in the market.The marketing principles can be expensive as well and time consuming however McDonalds has the money to have these principles adapted to their business. Recommendations Understanding consumer needs: As population trends are changing all the time McDonalds could segment customer’s life cycle, so that they will be up to date with customer demands and meeting the requirements of what the market wants. This would allow McDonalds to spend less money overall because if they know a certain product is not going to sell in the future, they would simply get rid of it.McDonalds would be able to have effective marketing campaigns. Keeping ahead in competition: McDonalds could introduce digital media kiosks for burning CDs, downloading mobile phone ring tones and printing photos for the young people segment. I believe McDonalds would benefit from this digital media kiosk as they will be attracting more younger people. This will differentiate McDonalds from its competitors and differentiation avoids customers from going to their competitors and this would also have a positive impact on future profits.Communicating effectively with consumers: McDonalds could start newsletters via email for consumers who wish to sign up for it. The newsletter will give consumers information about new upcoming products that McDonalds will offer. Consumers who sign up for this newsletter would receive discounts for the new upcoming products. This will have a positive impact on McDonalds brand image because it gives McDonalds a higher chance of increase in sales and it will improve the customer retention of McDonalds. The information in the newsletters will help customers to understand McDonalds business more.The newsletter could be another way of advertising and promoting new upcoming products and developments of current products. This will also get the message across of McDonalds. The newsletters will show the qualities and the value of McDonalds. It woul d also increase the brand loyalty of McDonalds because they will be known as a trusted brand. Newsletters are a low cost of promoting products; this will allow McDonalds to save additional money as well. That additional money could be used to develop its promotion techniques and this would also increase the communication between McDonalds and its customers.McDonalds could set up pages on social networking sites for customers to join. McDonalds could add polls, discussions, and reviews about products they offer. The more McDonalds communicate with customers the more customers will feel attached to their products. Utilising new technology: McDonalds could start utilising new technology more by allowing customers to order online products; this would create an additional customer base for McDonalds and being ahead of their competitors such as Burger King, KFC and Subway.McDonalds could have deals with mobile phone networks because mobile phone networks can receive customers location by using the SAT Navigation. McDonalds could use this method to promote its new offers they offer. I believe this method would be effective because they would see an increase in their customer base and also they would be ahead of their competitors. Although the deal would cost McDonalds a lot of money but they can afford this additional method that may have a positive impact on the business. McDonalds would be likely to see a large increase of sales.

A Nursing Research Critique Essay

McGrath, M., Lyng, C., & Hourican, S. (2012, September). From the simulation lab to the ward: Preparing 4th year nursing students for the role of staff nurse. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 8(7), e265-e272. The length of the title of the study is important. According to Connell Meehan (1999), the title should be between 10 and 15 words long and should clearly identify for the reader the purpose of the study (Coughlan, M., Cronin, P., Ryan, F. 2007). Parahoo (2006) said that titles that are too long or too short can be confusing or misleading (Coughlan et. al. 2007). The title of the study â€Å"From the simulation lab to the ward: Preparing 4th year nursing students for the role of staff nurse† is consist of 18 words. The title maybe too long and does not clearly reflect or represent the variables used in the study. A research problem is often first presented to the reader in the introduction to the study (Bassett and Bassett, 2003). The problem was not stated clearly in the introduction of the study. However, the authors have referred to it as the purpose of the study. In either case the statement should at least broadly indicate to the reader what is to be studied (Polit and Beck, 2006). The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between management styles and nurses’ retention at private hospitals using the Likert’s Profile of Organizational Characteristics to: (1) measure the nurses’ perception of management styles in their work unit; (2) to allow nurses to briefly describe the management system as they perceived being practiced in the organization; (3) and to give them an opportunity to indicate which management system do they desire in the future, all of which were given to staff nurses in in-patient units in different hospitals. It is significant in the nursing practice and administration since it is focused on the management styles and retention of staff nurses. The researchers presumably stated that Managers who retain staff start by communicating clear expectations to the nurse. It is said that they share their picture of what constitutes success for the nurse with regard to both the expected  deliverables and the perform ance of their job. These managers provide frequent feedback and make the nurse feel valued. When a nurse completes an exchange with a manager who retains staff, he or she feels empowered, enabled, and confident in his or her ability to get the job done. A research hypothesis is the statement created by researchers when they speculate upon the outcome of a research or experiment (Shuttleworth, 2008). It must be a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study (Cherry, 2012). However, there was no mention of a hypothesis in the study. Also, its absence was not justified. A literature review is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing scholarly materials about a specific topic (Sage, 1998). There should be clear links between the aims of the research study and the literature review, the choice of research designs and means used to collect data, the discussion of the issues, and its conclusions and recommendations (Nordquist, 2009). In terms of this, the study has various references that can reinforce their research statement. Before the study was conducted in three private hospitals, permission to conduct the study was obtained from the ethical committee of the Faculty of Nursing, as well as directors of the studied hospitals to collect necessary data. However, it is not indicated in the study if they followed the principle of confidentiality and full disclosure during the data gathering. Complete confidentiality of information provided by the subjects will not be publicly reported or accessible to others (Polit & Beck, 2008). The design used in the study is correlation-descriptive. A correlational study is a method designed to determine if two or more variables are associated with each other. Descriptive method is used to describe the present behavior or characteristics of a particular population. The population and sample were described sufficiently. In addition, Roscoe (1975) suggested some simple â€Å"rules of thumb† for selecting appropriate sample sizes based on an analysis of acceptable confidence levels in behavioral research studies (Alreck & Settle, 2010). The general recommendation is that sample sizes be at least 30 and need not be larger than 500 (at 500, sample error will not exceed 10 percent of the standard deviation about 98 percent of the time). Furthermore, within this range of 30 to 500, it is appropriate to sample 10 percent of a population (Alreck  & Settle, 2010). The population size of the study is 228 which are within the limit of Roscoe’s Rule of Thumb. The instrument utilized was the Profile of Organizational Characteristics (POC), which was in an 8-point likert scale. According to Chomeya (2010), an 8-point Likert Scale is appropriate to research that has several variables because it will make the test as a whole. An 8-point likert scale prevents bias present in a 5-point scale (Chomeya et. al. 2010. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic and was tested for relevance and reliability. Cronbach’s alpha was used and it yielded 0.89, which indicates good reliability. After obtaining consent, the data collection was done which included three phases. During the first phase, the researchers obtained a list of number and names of all nurses. All of those that are obtained are interviewed and oriented with regard to the study and the concern of the instrument to be used. The second phase commenced 9 months after the first phase. Data were collected from director of nursing and head nurses about the numbers and name of nurses who had quit and reasons for leaving their units. The reasons are then classified into obligatory and non-obligatory reasons. Nurses’ retention was calculated in the last phase by subtracting the number of nurses who had quit the hospitals from the total number of nurses available during data collection, divided by the total number of nurses and then multiplied by 100. A rule of thumb is that studies that are descriptive in design only use descriptive statistics (Polit and Beck, 2006). Inferential statistical tests are used to identify if a relationship or difference between variables is statistically significant. Inferential statistics, which are based on the laws of probability, provide a means for drawing conclusions about a population, given data from a sample. In the study, the researchers performed data analysis using SPSS version 11.5 for Windows using descriptive and inferential statistics. The researchers clearly defined what statistical tests were undertaken and why these tests  were used. To enhance readability researchers frequently present their findings and data analysis section in tabulated forms of data by categories. This can help the reviewer determine if the results that are presented clearly answer the research questions. The flow in the discussion of findings is also logical and it is related to the literature review thus placing the study in context. The significance of the findings should be stated but these should be considered within the overall strengths and limitations of the study (Polit and Beck, 2006). The researchers have explored the clinical significance and relevance of the study and the implications of the study are well stated, and the researchers impose recommendations with regard to their conclusion.

Did General Haig deserve to be the Butcher of the Somme?

1 July 1916, Battle of Somme started, fought by the armies of the British and French empires against the German Empire. It took place on either side of the River Somme in France, and it ended on 18 November 1916. The battle caused millions of deaths and injuries between both sides. The war changed peoples’ thinking towards war. From a great adventure, to a bloody event. General Douglas Haig was one of the commanders from the British army in the Battle of Somme, the battle with one of the highest casualties in British military history.Some people called him â€Å"Butcher Haig† or â€Å"Butcher of the Somme† after his death in 1928, because he sent thousands of British soldiers to their death. But does he deserve the title? Or was he just doing his job and was there any misunderstanding in the battle? I will talk about the evidences and explain why many people view both sides and if he deserves the title or not. The offensive (Britain & France) conceived the idea a s a battle of attrition, attacking the Germans, the aim being to drain the German forces of reserves, although territorial gain was a secondary aim.On the first day of the battle of the Somme, Commander Haig’s army (The fourth army of Britain) lost 57,470 casualties, of which 19,240 men were killed, for only one day. The French had a â€Å"complete success† which collapsed the German Defenders in south of the Albert–Bapaume road. South bank of the German defense was made incapable of resisting another attack. They retreated to the north bank which abandonment of Fricourt was ordered. The German army went to the north bank and inflicted a huge defeat on the British infantry, which killed so many Britain soldiers.A lot of people called Douglas Haig the Butcher of the Somme. Here are some pieces of evidence to support this point of view. â€Å"The biggest murderer of the lot was Haig. I’m very bitter; always have been and always will be and everybody else t hat knew him. He lived almost 50 kilometers behind the line and that’s about as near as he got. I don’t think he knew what a trench was like. And they made him an Earl and gave him  £100,000. I know what I’d have given him† (Fred Pearson, commenting on Haig in a local newspaper in 1966) Pearson was a private on the Western Front.This suggests where Haig’s position was and the opinion of the soldier in the Front line. It also tells us that General Haig received a large amount of money and an Earl given by the loyal afterward. And although there were a lot of murderer (Commanders in charge) during the war time, but Haig led a large amount of the British army to death as they called him the BIGGEST murderer. This source was written years after the war in a local newspaper called Pro Venanic.It can be trusted because it was written by a person who was in the battle who experienced what the war was like and what Haig was doing. â€Å"We were completel y exhausted. † Haig wrote, â€Å"If the war lasted, our army defeat seemed certain. † He really believed that he had won the battle. Although the Germans had lost 680,000 men during the war and had retreated 10 kilometers back from their trenches. They human cost of the Britain and French were also very high. Especially on the first day of the battle, which lost a massive number of casualties in the war history?Which made the people bitter and angry especially the anger from the men in the Front line, seeing Haig standing kilometers behind them, thinking that he was being a coward, and the ones who lost their family and relatives on the 1st of July? P. Smith was also a private in the 1st Border regiment fighting on the Somme. He was one of them who called Haig a Butcher. He wrote this in his diary, â€Å"It was pure bloody murder. Douglas Haig should have been hung, drawn and quartered for what he did on the Somme. The cream of the British manhood was shattered in less than six hours.†From this quote, we can see that this person who is angry at what Haig did in the war. He wrote this on July 1916, which was the first month of the battle of the Somme. Given that over 50 thousands soldiers died on the first day, Haig as the leader of the team, P. Smith wrote, â€Å"†¦Haig should have been hung, drawn and quarried for what he did on the Somme†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in his own diary, since the diary was only written for himself to read, he wrote down all his feelings towards the war as a soldier and this source is reliable, because no one would tell a lie in their own  private diary, and he was actually there at the battle of the Somme and he saw thousands of friends and family killed.The source supports the point that Douglas Haig is the Butcher of the battle of the Somme. â€Å"Haig was a second –rate Commander in unparalleled and unforeseen circumstances. He was not endowed with any of the elements of imagination and vision†¦ And he certainly had none of that personal magnetism which has enabled great leaders of men to inspire multitudes with courage, faith and a spirit of sacrifice†¦ He was incapable of planning vast campaigns on the scale demanded on so immense a battlefield.†This was written by David Lloyd George, British Prime Minster during the First World War, writing in his War Memoirs (1935). It gives us an idea of General Haig’s planning of war and he was incapable to be a great leader as immense a battlefield. He also describes Haig as a â€Å"second rate commander† because of the high death count at the Somme. This source is reliable because given the fact that it was written by a Prime Minister of Britain during WW1. â€Å"I want you to understand that there is a difference between a rehearsal and the real thing.There are three essential differences: first, the absence of the enemy. Now turning to the Regimental Sergeant- Major what is the second difference? † Ser geant Major. † The absence of the General, Sir. † This source was written in a cartoon from the British satirical magazine Punch (February 1917) the purpose was to make fun of the generals as we can see in the cartoon. This source is very useful for us knowing more about General Haig at the time, in the cartoon, the major general is addressing the men before an attack behind the lines.This is also reliable, because it was written in 1917, which was after the battle of the Somme. And it gives out information about Haig and his team. John Laffin, an author in modern days, wrote in his history book, British Butchers and Bunglers of World War One (2003), â€Å"Haig and other British generals must be blamed†¦ for willful blunders and wicked butchery. However stupid they might have been, however much they were the product of a system which obstructed enterprise, they knew what they were doing.There can never be forgiven. † Although Laffin earned his living taking p eople on battlefield tours and researched the war entirely from the soldiers’ standpoint, however he wasn’t in the battle, as he didn’t see what really happened and what Haig was doing at the time, he knew and heard all the things in the history by others. So this source can be either reliable or not and it might not be so fair to Haig saying that he is a butcher. On the other hand, the second interpretation is that Haig was just doing his job as a general.Different people have their different evidences for that. â€Å"The truth is that those ruddy-cheeked, bristling-mustached, heavy- jawed, frequently inarticulate generals rose to challenge after challenge, absorbed weapon after weapon into their battle-systems, and adapted themselves to constant change with astonishing success. But no one cared to make a legend out of that. † This was written by a historian named John Terraine in his Study of the Somme. â€Å"The Smoke and the Fire† in 1980.†Å"The truth is that those ruddy-cheeked, bristling-mustached, heavy- jawed, frequently inarticulate generals rose to challenge after challenge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Terraine was talking about Haig, although Haig made a lot of success during the war, no one realized it and no one cares about it to make a legend out of that. This might be supporting the point that he was just doing his job and he made a great success in the war. A Lieutenant in the Yorkshire Light Infantry who was gassed on the Somme and invalided back to Britain, writing in a letter to the Daily Express (21st December 1916, â€Å"During the first half of the war, our leadership was flawless – perfect.There was an obvious genius for pure generalship which has made Sir Douglas Haig fit to rank with any general of past or modern times. † This source says that Haig was a flawless leader and a genius. The writer says that Haig led his team and Britain to victory and he is the hero of us. â€Å"Which has made Sir Do uglas Haig fit to rank with any general of past or modern times? † This quote tells us that Haig was one of the best Britain leaders who had quite a lot of support from the locals. This source is also reliable because it was written in December 1916, right after the war ended.The author knew what happened, although he didn’t really saw what happened in the trench. Here is a photograph showing crowds welcoming Sir Haig home from France. It was taken on 12th April 1919, a few months after the war ended. This gives us an idea that a lot of people welcoming him back and they didn’t blame him of such a massive number of death in total. They treated him as a hero of Britain who led his army to victory and saved Britain. However, this might not be such reliable as the other evidences. A photograph cannot represent the whole thing.And the photo might not be real, or it was just created by the government to raise the support to Haig. A video is more reliable then a photo because we can see the start to the end. A photo is just a capture of one single moment. There might be some other things happened in the past or later. â€Å"Blaming Haig the individual for the failings of the British war effort is putting too much of a burden of guilt on one man. Haig was the product of his time, of his upbringing, education, and training and previous military experience.One argument goes that he was, ultimately, victorious and, even if he had been replaced would there have been anyone better for the job? Even on the Somme a German officer called the battlefield ‘the muddy grave of the German army'. † This source was written by S. Warburton, in an article in the history magazine, â€Å"Hindsight†, which takes a fresh look at historical issues. The magazine was published in 1998, many years after the Battle of Somme. This source suggests reasons Haig are not a butcher and we shouldn’t blame him too much.â€Å"One argument goes that he wa s, ultimately, victorious and, even if he had been replaced would there have been anyone better for the job? † He says that Haig is a great commander at the war that no other can replace him for doing a better job. He tried his best and put a lot of effort on the planning and war, so that Britain had its victory at last. This source was written in 1998. Although the author might not be seeing the war time, it is reliable and it can be trusted that Haig was doing a great job during the war.There are more and more evidences to support both sides of opinion. They have their own point of view that we can’t say that they are right or wrong. In my own opinion, I think that General Haig deserves the title the Butcher of the Somme. He sent 50,000 Britain to death just for one day. He didn’t know what a war is like. His plan failed. Although it was the experts’ idea, but he should consider it was a good plan or not before actually doing it. He really believed that he won the battle, but in fact he did not.The Germans lost 680,000 men in the war, but at the same time, the deaths of Britain and French in total had the same amount of people died of the German empire. Haig refused requests for extra hospital trains to be made available before the attack beg. His outdated tactics led to the war being even more prolonged and unintentionally prevented a victory over the Germans. He had no idea what a real war is. He thought he was successful, but he was not. He wasn’t prepared for war, used people who were inexperienced soldiers at all.July 1 was one of the most deaths in war in the war history. He repeated the mistakes opposite of what was said organized. He is the Butcher of the Somme, I think. Overall, there is still a debate between he is a butcher or he was just doing his job. No matter which side wins, there were still a large number of people died in the Battle of the Somme. A lot of people lost their homes, and lost their family. Alth ough it was General Douglas Haig, who sent them to their death, there might be some misunderstanding in between.

Mutation as a Diversity Enhancing Mechanism in Genetic Programming Essay

Mutation as a Diversity Enhancing Mechanism in Genetic Programming - Essay Example Genetic programming (GP) has emerged as a promising instrument in research on machine learning and artificial intelligence. According to Koza and Poli (2005), GP is a "systematic" method of "getting computers to automatically solve a problem" (p. 127). The temptation of creating artificial intelligence and enabling machines to "automatically" perform problem solving has led to the exploration of biologically inspired methods of programming, such as crossovers and mutations. The process of GP involves alterations in computer programs analogous to biological genetic processes. The genetic code in biological science is analogous to syntax trees in computer science, and these trees are altered in a similar fashion as that of gene mutation, deletion, crossover, duplication, etc. performed by nature. The aim of genetic programming is to create a novel and complex program without taking the trouble of predefining its structure. Background In the process of biological evolution, organisms underwent alterations in their genetic makeup, which led to an increase in their structural as well as genetic diversity. Only those who were genetically "fit" were able to survive during the dynamic changes in environmental conditions. Those who lacked the capacity to adapt to these changes went extinct. Thus, according to Charles Darwin, evolution of organisms occurred via natural selection in which nature selected the organisms that were most fit to survive, also known as survival of the fittest. Mutations are the most effective genetic alterations, which enabled the generation of diversity among organisms and ultimately led to their natural selection in the process of evolution. Mutations occur randomly in the genes, and may be natural or induced. These are sudden and heritable changes, and occur at a very small frequency. They, however, lead to beneficial or even harmful changes in an organism. Mutation is nature's way of genera ting diversity among living organisms. The fact that random mutations have led to the generation of successful species is enough to inspire the exploration of similar mechanisms in computer science, in a metaphorical sense. With the help of "mutations" in programming, it may be possible to create novel and successful genetic algorithms or programs with a higher fitness value, which have a high probability of arriving at the solution to a given problem. These may form an integral part of machine learning and help in the synthesis of artificial intelligence. Objective Many studies have explored the role of mutations in genetic programming for the induction of diversity in computer programs. It is hoped that through such a process, it would be possible to create programs with increased fitness and with more efficient problem solving capacities. This paper attempts at analyzing the importance of diversity in genetic programming and the efficiency of mutations in achieving the same. The paper, Mutation as a Diversity Enhancing Mechanism in Genetic Programming (Jackson 2011) is also reviewed and evaluated. II.